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Playing Jungler made me question how is even possible to die from a gank: the importance of Jungle tracking and communication with your Jungler, and why "/mute all" is bad for you.
Long story short: learning how to play Jungle made me realize a lot of mistakes I did as a laner and taught me a lot more about the game, especially at macro level. Most things you deal with as a Jungler will make you a way better player because you will be able to understand in first person the reasons why something is happening in the game you are playing. So, I guess making a post sharing my newfound knowledge could help a lot of low elo players during their climb. I don't claim to be a pro-player by any means, so if anyone has something to add or want to correct me on something he thinks I was wrong with, feel free to do so.
1. Knowing what the enemy Jungler can do in the immediate future.
Jungle tracking is a skill that most of the time is underdeveloped, but any (good) coach/tutorial/guide you can find will tell you that is one of the most important things to learn, and I believe it is 100% true. Most player will be afraid to learn it or focus on other skills (like CSing, trading, learning a Champion, etc.). The truth is that it is not a difficult skill to develop. You see, the map is filled with things to do as a Jungler, some of them are just in plain sight: Baron/Rift, Dragon, gankable lanes. If you take a glance at the minimap and ask yourself the question: "If I was the enemy jungler, what I would do now?", the answer you'll get will be correct most of the time. Junglers are busy, there are things to do every minute, you just need to think about what is the best thing the enemy jungler can do in that moment. Playing Jungler and focusing on this aspect of the game at some points was like playing with a maphack. I am not saying that all Junglers are predictable, because they are not: there are informations you can't access that can dictates how an enemy Jungler's next move will be, and skillful Junglers will bait, fake a move or strike when unexpected. I am just saying that there are things you can easily imagine the enemy Jungler will do, and you should keep them in mind. One of the most important tool for Jungle tracking is vision, a.k.a. wards. Placing wards in areas where the enemy Jungler will most likely walk in will give you his position on the map. Knowing exactly where the enemy Jungler is allows you and your team to make plays elsewhere on the map or to counter a play that is getting in motion. I am honestly amazed how many players with a clear information about the whereabouts of the enemy Jungler don't take any advantages: if the enemy Jungler shows in the opposite part of the map where you are, you have one less threat to worry about, if he is near you then engaging your opponent could not be the best idea. I lost count of how many times I pinged the exact position where the enemy Jungler was coming or hiding just to be blatantly ignored by my teammates, who naturally died afterwards. More of this later.
2. Help your Jungler at any stage of the game, especially in early game.
Your Jungler needs help and your aid doesn't stop by covering and leashing. Thinking your Jungler is a separate entity of your team able to mind his own business and existing only when it is time to gank (and that ganking is his only job) is how "jg diff" is born. Helps comes mainly in two forms: assisting an invade and securing an objective. Assisting an invade: different Junglers have different dueling potentials. As a laner, you know you have different matchups, and it is the same for your Jungler: just because the two Junglers don't face directly in a lane like you and your opponent do doesn't mean they will never interact with each others. Most invades (and counterjungles) can be done fairly safe: your Jungler sees the enemy Jungler on the opposite side of the map and goes in his jungle to steal camps. Some Junglers are more daring due to having a way out if caught (think about Shaco). Others will look for a fight since they know that at the moment they are stronger, so if the enemy Jungler is around they can just kill him. The latter are the worst for your Jungler: if somehow your Jungler is behind and the enemy Jungler decides to fuck him even more, there is nothing he can do. He can't fight the enemy Jungler because he is weaker, he can't farm his camps because they are either get stolen or lives in a constant fear of getting killed while doing them. The personal vision a Jungler can provide for himself and his jungle is also limited, and requires to forfeit the red trinket too. You simply can't blame your Jungler for being behind while the enemy Jungler (and maybe his team too) is keeping him behind. You need to help him recover, unless you want to hide behind the usual "jg diff" while you just watched your Jungler bleed the entire game. Even without someone saying a word, you can tell who Jungler has the upper hand by just looking at the scoreboard (look for how many levels/CS/kills/assists they have) and knowing the Champions they are playing. How can a Jungler be helped when he is behind?
Provide vision for him around jungle's entrances so he and your team can spot the enemy Jungler going for him.
Listen to your Jungler and trust his tracking skills: if he is asking and pinging help on one of his camps, he probably thinks the enemy Jungler is here. The best thing that can be done against stronger Junglers that keeps your Jungler behind is to collapse on them, outnumber them and kill them. You may not always be able to come to your Jungler's rescue, but it is your duty to read the game and understand that your Jungler may need help, so plan accordingly. It is also your Jungelr's duty to communicate with you about his situation in order to know if he is farming up to recover, setting-up collapses, etc.
Some Champions are naturally inclined to counterjungle and dueling the enemy Jungler, so be smart to have the possibility that this would happen in your mind and maybe be more mindful of what both Junglers are doing.
If you are playing against a Kindred and you don't collapse when she is doing a Marked camp in your jungle, you are doing it wrong. Playing with a Kindred and helping her secure a Marked camp (or just getting ready to come to her aid) is the best thing you can do for her. Marks basically screams: "Kindred may be here", use that information. Remember that Kindred's jungle Marks are perfectly visible on your minimap.
Securing an objective: objectives are important. Baron/Rift, Dragon, tower plates, crabs, even a gankable lane is an objective in some ways. Most Junglers, in most situations, needs help securing those objective, they can't do it alone. Dragons and Rifts don't magically come to you because your Jungler is here to get them for you while you are playing in your bubble during lane phase. If your Jungler calls for an objective it is because he thinks is the best course of action or wants to contest that objective otherwise the enemy will take it. It is your job to setup for the objective, for example shoving the lane or killing your opponent (your Jungler can also setup by ganking your lane, if your lane is in a gankable state) and then moving to help your Jungler securing the objective. Too many times I pinged the Dragon's respawn timer to give enough time to my laners to setup for it only to arrive at the pit and finding myself alone. No matter how many pings or "guys help at drag plz" I typed, my botlane was backing or jerking off while their opponent were dead and my midlaner with a priority in lane was spamming his Mastery emote to a 25% HP opponent under his tower. Guess what happens next? The enemy jungler arrives, his botlane is back and I must give the Dragon to them. Later in the game I enjoy my bot and mid spamming "jg diff" when we have zero Dragons and the enemy team is a Soul point, because now, suddenly, Dragons are important. Also, when doing an objective, take into consideration that Smite scales with levels, so if your Jungler is even one level behind the enemy Jungler don't be surprised if he gets outsmited (and let's not talk about the enemy Nunu). That is why is very important to help your Jungler securing objectives. Be very careful if your Jungler pings that his Smite is on cooldown: he may be a moron for having used it knowing there was an objective to take, but this doesn't change the fact that he is Smite-less, so play accordingly.
3. Understanding what ganks really are.
For a laner, a gank is an easy 2vs1 to get free cash. For a Jungler, a gank is a gamble. The most secure form of income (Gold and XP) for a Junger are his Jungle camps: every time a Jungler ganks, he is betting time he could use to farm, counterjungle, constest an objective or reset (going back to base to cash the money) for a kill or assist to get one of his lane ahead and the enemy behind. So, if a gank fails, the Jungler slightly lose something. It could be a big deal in some situations. So, your Jungler will gank your lane when he'll be sure that the odds are in his favor. This is the reason why Junglers rarely gank losing lanes and don't make a living with ganks (except some carry junglers played by smurfs, but that is another world entirely). Yeah, they will gank your 10 deaths botlane if he is around by the time the 10 kills botlane is so out of position that would be a free kill, but in the majority of the situation, unless your Jungler is smurfing, don't expect him to come to put a patch on your horrendous performance: he would rather play for any other lane that is winning or has the potential to win. Your job is to avoid bleeding and trust in the rest of the team to get things done, and eventually rotate to recover what you have lost. Your Jungler is not responsible for you losing your lane and is not there to win your lane for you. If you get ganked three times and blame the "jg diff", ask yourself why the enemy Jungler was able to gank you three times in the first place. If you want a gank, you need to set it up: vision control and wave management are a big part of it. No, I won't gank you if you have zero mana or too low health to follow, no I won't gank the enemy in the middle of two of his waves, no I won't gank if the sums of our levels makes a result that is less than the level of your opponent, no I won't gank if I need to reset because I am bringing a Hunter's Machete in a fight against a Tiamat and a pair of Ninja Tabi. And when I can finally go in, there is execution, that in my experience is a big problem for almost everyone (Jungler included): the coordination isn't simply there most of the time and the pressure to "kill or get killed" is high enough that mistakes will be made (from both sides). Ganking isn't flawless, getting there in your lane is half the work, at that point is all about teamwork and we'll success or fail together: understand this, and most importantly listen to calls. You go in when your Jungler pinged to back? Your fault. Your Jungler goes in when you pinged to back? His fault. We are the only persons capable to determine if we are able to do something or not and we only will evaluate how to behave in any situation, but we must inform other about our intentions. I expect you to do something, you expect me to do something, but not every time those expectations comes to fruition. If the gank goes wrong and I decide to ditch out, stop pinging that my Ultimate is ready, because I probably have evaluated that preserving that cooldown was better than wasting it on that gank.
4. Why you shouldn't "/mute all".
I admit I clickbaited with this. let me explain: I am one of those players that say: "Yo, '/mute all' at the start of every game, the chat isn't useful" and I still believe that is true, with one exception: pings. You see, until now this post was all about the importance of communication between your team and his Jungler, because the Jungler is not an autonomous machine that plays by itself and does something magical behind the scenes, but is a member of your team that (surprisingly!) needs help to get things done or to recover from a bad start. If you "/mute all", what you do is muting everything from any player, including emotes and pings. This is extremely bad because pings are very important for communicating things in the fastest way possible. Yeah, I know it sucks when your Jungler is spamming "?" over your dead body or when he expect you to 1vs5 the enemy team to defend the Nexus, but if you mute his pings you can't know when he has actually something useful to tell you. This is why I said before that I am astonished how people manage to die to the enemy Jungler when I used all my pings to even draw his pathing on the map: it is probably because those people "/muted all" or just me out of spite because I didn't gank their lane or I am two level behind the enemy Jungler and they want me to fight him in a duel in my jungle. By doing this they stay in their quietly comfort zone, but since they also have ADHD, a dangerous form of tunnel vision, or are playing with a locked camera with a post-it covering their minimap, they are missing all the important stuff I am feeding to them. As a result, they die in the stupidest possible way and use their death timer to type, you guess, "gg jg diff" in chat instead of planning what to buy next. If you have the habit to "/mute all", I suggest to not mute pings (or emotes, I use emotes also to communicate, like I do an "OK" when the leash is done and they can go back in lane, or to congratulate for a good play), or at least don't mute your Jungler's pings even if he is a dickhead that spams them to annoy you.
5. Playing and winning from behind.
Something I learned while jungling is that it is almost always possible to recover from behind, unless the enemy is so fed that breaks your base before 15 minutes. Especially in low elos, people usually don't know how to win games: the games drag on and on until the death timers are so big that a Nexus inevitably falls, so until this happens the losing team has a lot of chances to close the Gold and XP gap and come back into the game, and turn the tables. As a Jungler, when I played games where I was behind and couldn't do shit, I simply ignored everything and cleared my jungle until I got my items and turned my 0/4 in a 6/4, and at that point my team stopped complaining about my performance and actually trusted me and listened to my calls. The "0/10 powerspike" in low elo is a reality more than a meme, the enemy most of the time underestimate the fact that all you need to do to even the odds is to get items, or that their 20/3 Lucian will still be oneshotted by your 0/7 Rengar the moment he gets two items and half. The problem of being behind as a team is that you'll lose map control and with that objectives control, so the enemy will start running around with Dragon Souls, Elders and Barons since you can't really contest them without dying horribly. The major mistake most teams do is keep teamfighting and losing every time, until the point the infinite death timers kick in and the game is done for. But if you don't play stupid, stall decently and farm, given enough time you can basically turn any lost game in your favor against a dangerous enemy that is too passive to close it. Some advices are:
Never teamfight, instead get picks or setup ambushes. In low elos, fed people will get overconfident a lot and will go in solo missions to farm sidelanes or take a stroll in the jungle. Punish them.
If you manage to get a pick or spring a successful ambush, don't overstay and don't chase survivors in areas you don't have vision. If you have number advantage, look for an objective to take, and if there isn't none, push and farm. Check death timers and when the enemy is back, rinse and repeat.
If you want to get an objective like a Baron or Dragon but you can't teamfight to contest it, your options are either send someone (usually your Jungler) to steal it, or create a distraction in the opposite part of the map and send someone to solo it/attract the enemy team to his position. Most of the time in low elos people will group to stop split pushers, so you can easily have one of your teammate lure 2-3 people to him and you are suddenly in a 4vs3 situation in your favor.
Every man for himself: you should never wander alone, and if someone gets caught let him die instead of trying to save him or counter-engage: your team is behind, it won't win that shit, don't give free kills and stay alive as much as you can.
Get red or blue trinkets and Control Wards: your success now depends on applying guerrilla tactics and in order to do that you must regain map control by countering the enemy's vision. You can't ambush if your bush is warded, so sweep around and clear wards, activate red trinket when moving near bushes you don't have vision on and scout with blue trinkets.
6. General tips!
Some general tips to close up the post:
As a general rule of thumb, never AFK when the game starts: everyone in your team should cover for his Jungler to counter invades and get informations about the enemy Jungler's behavior, instead of dancing in the middle of the lane or chitchatting with the enemy. Watch out if your Jungler asks you to ward specific spot of the map during this time. Also, always leash unless your Jungler explicitly said he doesn't need a leash. If you don't do all of this, don't be surprised if your Jungler happens to be fucked up at some point.
I strongly suggest to never invade at LV1, no matter who you have in your team (Blitzcranks are well know for this), unless you are in a full premade of five people. SoloQ uncoordinated teams spell disaster, it is way better to play safe. Also, if you absolutely want to invade, at least be sure your entire team (or the majority of it) is following you.
If you manage to invade at LV1 and get something out of it without losing nothing or not much, don't overstay. Get your cash and GTFO. Track Summoners used, and if you used a Summoner like Flash assume you'll probably get ganked ASAP.
Towerdiving for a gank is an option that you should never pick, no matter who are you playing: it goes horribly most of the times and is a too risky move to pull at lower elos. Just stick to safer plays, no need to be a daredevil. A gank can be ok even if you just burn Summoners or force a back, you don't need to kill at all costs.
Crabs in the river are very important objectives: they give Gold, XP, heals and provide vision in a strategic point of the map. As a laner, you should always keep an eye of those little bastards when they spawn and especially when your Jungler is around doing them, because that is the moment the two Junglers may met and start a skirmish, so you can come to help.
Most of the time, your Jungler will be your shotcaller. Obviously, the Jungler isn't your boss, leader or whatever, but like every other member of the team he can and will make calls in order to get something done, and he will make those calls with the macro of the game and enemy Jungler in mind because that is his area of expertise. In other words, you'll best bet in most games if you are at lost is to trust your Jungler's calls. If your Jungler can't be trusted because he is an autofilled mid Yasuo main, follow the most fed and competent member of your team. If you are the most fed and competent member of your team, be the shotcaller.
I strongly believe that we need a "Enemy Jungler is Here!" ping. In the meantime, what I do to alert my team about the position of the enemy Jungler is to ping "Danger" where I think he is, followed by the "Alive" ping. I think it raises more awareness.
Hey there comrade. If you're reading this, you haven't been arrested yet. At least not in this protest cycle. You're not in jail right now, is what I'm saying. But perhaps you go to a protest and you get swept up in a mass of peaceful demonstrators doing nothing wrong, and get arrested. Perhaps you have never been arrested before. I have. I'd like to talk you through it so you know what to expect, and you can plan accordingly. As a primer, right here I advise you go read the IRA Green Book. It's in the sidebar. It will help you at least as much as this. My last arrest was for felony assault on a law enforcement officer, resisting arrest, failure to obey, and felony theft. I was not only not convicted, the verdict was nolle prosequi, which is the fancy way of saying charges were dropped. All of my record has since been expunged, under condition that I may not file lawsuits against any party or organization involved. I'm not special for getting this treatment, just white. When you are arrested, it's not a game. It's not a "proud comrade in a picture, defiant Che" moment. Pavement tastes pretty bad and doesn't do your tooth enamel a whole lot of good either. And ain't no one gonna give a fuck in two days. Because you're not special. There's a million of these photos. But a busted mouth still fuckin hurts though. Right. That's out of the way. Perhaps you are smarter than I am. You have planned better. You're an operator, is what I'm saying, bad to the fuckin bone, ready to ride or fuckin die. A) You're not. B) Okay comrade SEAL, let's run the tape. You have been arrested. You're not particularly slick, and you're kinda dazed from the whole busted mouth on the pavement thing, and if you aren't used to full force contact to your face you will be dazed. But you've got your hairpin, and you can pick cuffs in 3.4s (maybe it's faster, I get it, you're a fuckin whiz-bang, now-you-see-me wizard) blindfolded. Cool. How about single link, double lock LE grade handcuffs behind your back, while again you're on the fuckin deck with a busted fuckin mouth? Ah, you'll wait for the right moment, when mcchud's back is turned and he's focused on bigger and better things like jerking off on a Punisher Thin Blue Line sticker you planted as bait, knowing it's SOP and he has to do it. How do you know? Again, you're facedown suckin puddle water comrade. There's probably a not pleasant amount of CS hanging around down here. How are you going to spot that he's not observing you without risking making yourself a big and very much defenseless target? How about reaching your trusty hairpin, assuming it wasn't found and taken? What if it's just a big fuckin zip tie? What I'm saying here is I promise you didn't plan this well enough to pull it off because you're not Tom Hardy playing an edgy protestor in a fucking movie. You're bleeding and sucking puddle water. There's some fuckin amped up absolute unit riot police fucking waiting to ice you. One excuse. It's all they want, to fuckin rip some hot shit into you. And they will. I advise you focus on surviving this encounter. You can't file a countersuit that goes nowhere if you're dead. Perhaps you're not part of a group. You went left, shoulda gone right, and you're dolo getting ganked by a squad. Again, puddle water and busted mouth. You're on the ground, knee in back, maybe they tase you in the back while you're restrained just to instill how thoroughly dominated you are. Because you're a bitch. To them that's what you are. Their bitch. If you think otherwise they'll be happy to prove it. Note that I'm talking best case scenarios here. Get marched into the squad car or meat wagon. Survive the encounter if you're restrained, for fuck's sake. You ain't all that. Right, so you're going to jail. Jail, on the whole, is a rather unpleasant vacation from your day to day life. Let's prepare for it. Step one. Shut the fuck up. This is a crucial fuckin step. Don't start feeling down on yourself, or bad, or angry, or what have you, and start running your mouth. Shut. The. Fuck. Up. In fact, you can start practicing now by not arguing with this free and very good advice. Shut your fuckin mouth. You'll arrive at a precinct, station, or central booking depending on jurisdiction. I hope for your sake it's a local station and not central booking in a major city. Because you are not used to getting arrested. Central booking ain't the fuckin place to learn, of that I assure you. Because again, you're not hardcore, you're not used to this. You're a bitch. You might object to this, you might be very angry with me for calling you a bitch. But you are. And also I want you to get used to that because it's much less pleasant to be called shit like that in person by a bunch of uniforms than a comrade preparing you for it in a friendly forum on the Internet. So I'm gonna keep doing it, now that I've stopped and explained to you why so you can handle it. Bitch. (Really, I'm doing it because I care about and love you comrade, and if you aren't used to this kind of language or prepared to hear it as a matter of course, this is going to be very hard. That's why. I'm not playing boot games or demeaning you here. You need to be ready for the people that are. This is game #1, and it's the softest part of the game that they're gonna play) Why bitch though? Good question, bitch. That word needs to leave your exit vocabulary for the time being. It's the most serious insult I'm aware of on the inside. Seriously, do not ever call another inmate or detainee a bitch. Don't fucking do it. Generally speaking, jail isn't the sexual assault bonanza that movies and pop culture say it is. But jail is extremely homophobic. Having consensual relations with other men, if you are a man, is a mark of weakness in jail. And it makes you your partner's bitch (in their perception, obviously not reality), or just a bitch in general, for daring to be something other than heterosexual. I know that's hurtful and hateful and problematic and a lot of other things. I promise it won't matter when you call someone else a bitch and lose more teeth. So don't. But it's also why CO's and cops will use it to refer to you. Because you're a bitch, the weakest and most dominated thing in existence, and they want you to feel that and they want other people to know it to ratchet up interpersonal conflict not directed towards them. So get used to being called a bitch, for those reasons. Make peace with it and shut your fuckin mouth. It won't be much of a game when you clap back, because you're not fully institutionalized, so you don't know the nuanced rules to do that properly yet. Your goal is to make it through processing and arraignment right now, let's survive the encounter, okay? Now, the cops aren't lawyers, but maybe you don't know, when they decide what to charge you with, they fill a bucket of shit and throw it at a wall to see what sticks. And you're not gonna argue with the charges during processing, because you're a bitch. They'll remind you if you do. Cops, while you are being processed in a station post arrest, are not the people to argue with. As bad as they are on the street, you're in their fuckin house, and you are their bitch. Don't get cute. You will pay dearly. They're gonna spray some water on your hands and not very gently roll your prints, all ten thumbs and all plus a hand print of each hand, on a glass screen for the scanner to pick up. Don't fight that. You're a bitch, but right now you're a bitch with zero intentionally broken wrists. I'm telling you, now is not the time for playing any amount of fuckin games. They're going to get you ready for the cell. They'll take hats, any head coverings, any jewelry they're able to remove, belt, things of that nature. By the way, jail is really fuckin cold. You might actually be able to see your breath. If you're dressed for outside weather, this isn't going to be fun. Edit: This is also where they will finish your search. You may end up naked below the waist and have to squat and cough. It may be more invasive. If you're lucky, this will be omitted. If you've been acting a fuckin fool, they are going to digitally anally penetrate you. It will not be gentle. Nor are they doing it for any other reason than to humiliate you. But Ethereal, everyone says they take your shoelaces so you can't hang yourself! LOL. As if cops would ever give enough of a shit to unlace your fuckin shoelaces. Take off your shoes, bitch. You can keep the socks and continue without injury, maybe, if you don't fight that. Then, yes, the mugshot, forward, side, maybe some other angles. And you're gonna do it. I don't need to tell you why, do I? You've already started finishing it for me in your head. We're three minutes into the read, ish, you're not even actually arrested, and you're starting to become institutionalized through repetition and conditioning. It's that fast. They turn you into cattle. And cattle you will become if you want to walk to your arraignment. If you don't, they'll be happy to blunt force lobotomize you, which is a long and fancy way of saying beat your fuckin head until you figure it out. And you cannot do one single fucking thing about it. Hey maybe you're tougher than the rest and you can fight your way out of central booking. It's not my life you're risking when you do, feel free to think I'm lying to you. Right, so you got your ass kicked or you were smart and got processed like cattle. You're going to a cell. This goes one of two ways. A "drunk tank" style holding cell with other inmates/detainees, or a single cell. If you got drunk tank, you're in luck. Make some friends, do what you can to make the night less unpleasant. If you got a single cell, your night has just started. Remember, you're a bitch, and you're really about to find out when that door closes. There's not a sound like it in the world. Don't think iron bars with block mates next to you. Concrete. Thick. Door too. One pane of safety glass about 9x4 inches or so in the door, that looks at a plain concrete hallway. No window. This is your hotel. Explore your digs. You've got a metal bench in the back. The cell is very small, and this bench spans the whole width. You've got a toilet, so thoughtfully attached directly to a water fountain. Anything not metal is concrete, and it will be roughly 55 Fahrenheit or below in here. Again, you might be able to see your breath. There's no pillow, no sheets, no blanket, nowhere to put your head down and cry in futility. There is just what I have described, and a grated floor drain in the middle of the concrete floor. You will come to realize, this is more a torture chamber than a cell. You won't go fifteen minutes, this whole night, without getting physically fucked with by police or COs. Be ready. Shut your mouth, do not beg for it to stop or ask why. Just deal with it as best you can and talk to someone when you're free. You're in their house, watched by their cameras, and no one is going to come help you, and there's no one friendly who can shout loud enough for you to hear them. This is one night of solitary. Keep your mouth shut and there might not be any more of them. Solitary is the worst thing that can happen to you. Other inmates have their problems, but by and large they get it, and you can say without saying what happened, and they will say without saying that they're sorry, they know what it feels like, and they love you and don't think any less of you. You don't have this camaraderie in solitary. You have concrete, a bench, and a floor drain. No distractions, no food, no magazines, no books, no idle guard or inmate chatter. Nothing but your mind in a cell. If you bleed, they will most assuredly hose it down that drain eventually. Survive the encounter. It's scary. You can do this. The more information you have or they think you have, or the more of a grudge they're nursing, the worse this will be for you. But they've got you until the morning, and they're gonna make the most of the time. Survive the encounter. After the night, maybe sleepless in group, definitely in solitary, you'll likely be transported to hear the charges levied against you, and if you're lucky the commissioner's office has staff that makes a determination of bail so you don't have to be held for weeks to find out you're getting ROR-ed. You will have a chain wrapped tightly around your torso towards the bottom of your ribcage, at least two go arounds. There will be a shackle bolt placed through a link with the butt pressed into your breastbone. This chain will be tight enough for breathing to hurt even if your ribs are not bruised or broken. Handcuffs with a single chain link will be placed on your wrists and padlocked to the shackle bolt. You will be fettered. These are the equivalent of handcuffs for the ankles, and there's a chain between them too short to take a full step. They will also likely string a chain from the fetters to the chest shackle, short enough that you'll have to hunch. I'm not joking, they really do this. You'll then be escorted to a transport vehicle. This is a polite and whitewashed way of saying you'll be marched, stumbling and shoeless, at gunpoint, through the hallways, outside, and into a van. They may, for effect, press the muzzle of that shotgun to the back of your head in the cell, increasing the pressure to indicate that it's time for you to move. I advise you ask permission before taking a step, because remember, you're cattle, and you wouldn't want your brains bolted out of the front of your face over a misunderstanding. If you have to choose between falling and stepping without verbal assent, well, you already know what pavement tastes like. Not joking. Don't fuck that up. If your pants or shorts were baggy, you still don't have your belt. Your pants might fall down. It's fairly common. Make peace with yo ass hangin out. It is what it is. You happen to know there's possible freedom waiting, so don't fight. You'll be rearrested and re-charged, and re-fucked with for a whole new re-night in re-solitary. So let them cheeks catch a breeze. I bet yesterday if you felt hardcore you feel like a bitch now. You've played the game. The game sucks, doesn't it? Right, so again if you're lucky and as is the case in my jurisdiction, you will now have a formal reading of charges and conditions for bail, meaning you will be relegated to remand, a later bail hearing, or ROR (released on own recognizance; no bail, released, must show up for trial). Of these, ROR is obviously the most preferable, but obviously you don't get to pick. Do your interview. Maybe you're going to jail, where the state will have you continued to be placed under duress and then extort money from you to let you go until your trial. Bail. You go to jail until the hearing. Real fuckin jail. For weeks to months. If you're remanded, you get no bail hearing; you're going to jail until trial. Six months to a year, easy. No game. Ethereal, where's my phone call and lawyer been in all of this? You don't have one yet. You can't use the phone, you can't get a lawyer, no one is coming to help you. You're either getting released and your shit returned, or you're going to jail at minimum for weeks, right now. No lawyer, no nothing. Oh shit. Yep. And if you kept your mouth shut, when your lawyer files that omnibus motion or the ACLU gets involved or whatever, you might get released, but until then you need to sit tight through all the bullshit if you want to breathe real air again any time soon. This is why I tell you to be careful, comrades. I've seen the cell. I've seen the concrete walls. I've fuckin done it. It's just a thing that happens to you if you belong to a certain class or color in certain areas. It's just what the fuck it is. I endured that more than once, and a lot of people endure it a shitload of times. You don't want this. You do not want to be arrested, I promise. It's not a joke, it's not cool, you're not some stoic motherfucker that just sits icy through this shit. You're cattle. You're a bitch. Because when you're in chains with a fuckin shotgun to your dome, everyone is. Watch your shit. If you get arrested, shut your fuckin mouth, and have nothing the police want. No phone passcodes, no information, no affiliations. Be as uninteresting as a rock on the sidewalk. Don't make it worse for yourself, and don't think the cops are your friends. Cellmates too. They'll fuckin dime you out for a little commissary money. The only fuckin person you tell anything of interest to is a lawyer. (Edit: and not on the goddamned phone. In person interview when your lawyer says it's cool. All phones are always monitored in jail. Cells too. Hallways. Everything) Oh, and don't play spades for anything real. Learn for fun, watch out because jail rules dictate jokers and two's are high. Survive the encounter comrades. If you aren't prepared for what's up there, don't get arrested. Being proven right later is fuckin cute but it doesn't take the muzzle print off your scalp. Small edit here: comrades, I want you to know I don't mean to call you weak. It's not weak to endure this. It's hard, and it's okay to hurt from it. There's no shame in being arrested, inherently. It happens to many people who don't deserve it. Most activists will have it happen to them at some point. It may be easier or significantly harder than this. I do not think you're a bitch, neither do your comrades. I maintain solidarity and support for everyone hurt by the system. And when you use bitch as an insult outside of this context, its meaning is greatly lightened and much less loaded, thanks largely to Aaron Paul. I just want you to realize, once you are restrained and detained, don't make it worse. They can and will show you it can be worse, and you do not need to prove how tough you are. It will result in nothing positive for you. Survive the encounter, comrade. Many of us know, and we'll be here when you're free.
Ahoy there, fellow Free Willy enthusiasts It's your old pal Fuzzy. I'm pleased so many of you were able to pull yourselves away from ... well, pulling away at yourselves - to take the time to read and enjoy my previous post (here, if you haven't had a chance to read it yet). I don't like setting homework but unfortunately that's going to be required reading for today's exercise. I promised I'd come back to show you how to do this for yourselves using the most upvoted ticker. The most upvoted suggestion was $CCL, but they're jacked to the tits with Euro debt. I'm a red blooded patriot, and I don't want some bowtied Oxbridge douchebag coming at me about misreading tweedy fucking English law documents. I'm sorry you didn't get into Harvard, Jeeves, but don't take that shit out on me. Blame your parents for giving birth to you on a wet green rock in the North Sea instead of in the land of milk and honey. Anyway, that's the reason I don't fuck with that LMA noise. So we're doing the second most upvoted suggestion instead - $SEAS. Anyone bitching about Blackfish will get roasted (do I sound fucking empathetic to you? I ate whale on a business trip in Japan and it was delicious). I'm going to use headings so you can skip the shit you don't care about if you want to get right to the good stuff. Don't worry baby - I'll explain all the long words. Pull up a chair, pour yourself a drink, and try to concentrate for more than 5 minutes at a time without needing to take a body pillow break. If the idiots I supervise can do this, you can too. FYI - I'm doing an AMA about this post and yesterday's in the comments at 3pm ET tomorrow because I have a gap in my schedule and I told my secretary to leave it open for you retards. There isn't a TL;DR because this is a teaching exercise. You're welcome. Strap in. Brief background about me and comments on my previous post (skip if you want) The TL;DR about me - I find loopholes in corporate debt documents for money. Sometimes for goodies, sometimes for baddies, always for cash up front plus expenses and a retainer. The TL;DR for why you should give a shit - these can help you get an edge on projecting company performance when you balance them against cashflow and upcoming obligations. Today I'm going to teach you how to do this with full detail included. Yesterday we worked through a short, practical example together - $SIX. I don't have a view about that ticker one way or another and only intended to try and educate you idiots by using it as a teaching exercise. Of course, some of you went out and bought extremely OTM puts ($2 May death puts were up 4,200% this morning) notwithstanding that I specifically said I didn't have an opinion about their equity price about 50 or 60 times in the comments, and that even if I DID, liquidity crunch ain't happening for minimum 18 months. I tip my cap to you retards for taking completely the wrong message out of my post and applaud your enthusiasm for losing your own money. The spirit of this sub lives on despite the all invasion. Shoutout to u/pokimane for being the top. Girl, if you want a private session, my DMs are open. I'll tell you which stonks to buy. Anyway. Enough bullshit. Shit you'll need to play along at home (don't skip this) $SEAS 2020 10-K Amendment No. 9 to $SEAS Credit Agreement (don't try and be smart and tell me they amended again in February. I know they did - but that amendment is pretty much just a commitment upsize and I'll be calling out the differences as we go along. Just take my word for it. We're using No. 9 because it attaches the complete document and No. 10 doesn't. Here is No. 10 if you want to be so fucking fussy about it). NOTE: Some of you seemed to struggle to find the debt docs yesterday. They're not in the 10-K. They go in 8-Ks that get filed immediately following the date of the Credit Agreement. Cross-ref the dates and you're off to the races. If any of you ask me where to find a 10-K or an 8-K I will not respond and I'd politely ask the mods to ban you the fuck back to where you came from. Some music A drink $SEAS Target Review (learning about our subject) Right. So. Let's start with the 10-K to learn about our subject. Or you could just watching fucking Free Willy. This place markets killer whales as an entertainment experience. It's not an overly sophisticated beastie. Here are some core highlights from their 2019 fiscal year that we should consider. My comments are in capitals.
Attendance increased 0.2%, to 22.6 million guests from fiscal 2018. THIS OBVIOUSLY IS SHIT. ALTHOUGH I GUESS ONCE YOU'VE SEEN WILLY ONCE, A REPEAT TRIP ISN'T REALLY NECESSARY SO EXPECTING THIS TO GROW DRAMATICALLY YOY IS PROBABLY NOT SUPER REASONABLE. NEVERTHELESS, PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH BEING SLIM MEANS BAD TIMES WHEN DEBT GETS PRICEY.
Total revenue increased by $26.0 million, or 1.9%, to $1.4 billion from fiscal 2018. DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REVENUE AND NET INCOME? WHO AM I KIDDING. OF COURSE YOU DON'T. SEE BELOW.
Net income increased by $44.7 million, or 99.8%, to a record $89.5 million from fiscal 2018. REVENUE MINUS ALL LOSSES AND DEDUCTIONS EQUALS NET INCOME.
Adjusted EBITDA increased by $55.6 million, or 13.9%, to a record $456.9 million from fiscal 2018. EBITDA IS A MAGIC NUMBER THAT LETS COMPANIES STACK THE DECK AGAINST BANKS USING SQUIRRELY ACCOUNTING TECHNIQUES TO PAINT A ROSIER PICTURE OF THEIR FINANCIAL POSITION THAN IS ACCURATE. DON'T BELIEVE ME? LOOK AT THE DEFINITION IN THE CREDIT AGREEMENT. THAT SUCKER IS LIKE 3 PAGES LONG. AND THAT'S A SHORT ONE IN TODAY'S MARKET. IT MEANS EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST, TAXES, DEPRECIATION, AND AMORTIZATION. WHAT THEY DON'T TELL YOU IN YOUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE BUSINESS SCHOOL IS THAT IN THE REAL WORLD THIS INCLUDES SHIT YOU DID 2 YEARS AGO, SHIT YOU HAD A DREAM ABOUT THAT ONE TIME, AND PAYMENTS TO THE CEO'S WIFE'S BOYFRIEND'S SECRET FAMILY IN OMAHA USING ADD-BACKS, CARRY-FORWARDS AND RUN RATE MECHANICS THAT DON'T MAKE ANY SENSE IN REAL LIFE. FOR EXAMPLE, LAST FISCAL YEAR THEY INCLUDED $5.5 MILLION OF EXECUTIVE PARACHUTE PAYMENTS AS AN OFFSET AGAINST CAPITAL LOSSES. YUP. YOU'RE NOT IN FUCKING KANSAS ANYMORE. WELCOME TO THE MAJOR LEAGUES.
This actually isn't too bad. The business runs at a profit (albeit a skinny one boosted by an outlier year) and is growing slowly. The bat-flu, however, is a major fucking spanner in the works. Zero attendance means zero sales. If you're $SIX, you close the park. But because $SEAS' businesses involve live animals, they can't just shut it down even though they can't sell tickets. And it's not like they can throw Willy in with the dolphins and expect them to play nice. They've got ongoing upkeep costs for shark food, dolphin poop tank cleaning, fucking whale vets. What does this mean? Say it with me now. Negative cashflow. Ding ding ding. These are magic words to people like me. Smells like opportunity. If you're interested, keep digging in the 10-K. It's a rabbit hole without a cute blonde and a white bunny at the end, so YMMV. But right now what you need to know is that they probably don't have much free cash (they've been clearing ~4.0% profits for the last decade pre-2019). They also spent 84,178,000 on interest expense last year. Their debt is not that pricey but there's a lot of it. This is a good segue. $SEAS Debt (The hard part) Before we get started, don't get your panties in a twist. Debt isn't bad. That's an assumption a lot of people make. Debt can be great (even when it's expensive). It's only bad when (1) you can't afford it or (2) you won't be able to afford it SOON - meaning you shouldn't have had it in the first place. Your job now is to figure out three things. (1) What kind of debt structure do they have? (2) How much money do they have to pay to service it? and (3) Could they get more if they needed it? The answer to question (1) is in the 10-K. CTRL+F Credit Agreement. Read a couple of lines down. Check there's nothing else. Bingo - we're in luck. No bonds. Less work for you. Reward yourself with a sip of that drink. Congratulate yourself on getting this far. Your mom and I are very proud. Now on with the show. $SEAS have a $1,523,389,000 term loan due March 31, 2024 and a $332,500,000 revolver due October 31, 2023. They upsized the revolver by $100m in Feb. Bet that bank has buyer's remorse now. Anyway. Teaching moment: The difference between a term loan and a revolver is that a term loan gets paid to you 100% up front and gets paid 100% back at the end. Normally it's for 7 years - this one is a bit shorter. This is sometimes called a 'bullet' loan. You pay interest on the loan plus 'amort' - this is mandatory interest payable on the whole lot at the end (typically 0.25%). A revolver isn't just a prop in a Clint Eastwood movie. It's like a corporate credit card. You can draw as much as you like and then pay it back - and then you can borrow it again. A unique feature of revolvers is that you can also draw either in cash or letters of credit (like a performance guarantee issued by a bank in favor of a third party on your behalf - you pay extra interest and an upfront fee for the privilege). Normally the credit agreement lasts for 5 years. Check the definition of "Maturity Date" to find out when these are due. Now, according to the 10-K, they've got $20 mill in L/Cs drawn plus $50m odd drawn in cash. This leaves $250m or so left in that facility to take out of the great big shark-shaped ATM in the lobby if they need to. At the moment, a shitload of corporates are tapping their revolvers to help with cashflow problems, and I bet $SEAS is no exception. This means they've got wiggle room if they get squeezed. Good to know. Banks can sometimes try and stop you from doing this when there is bad shit in the market (this is called a "material adverse change" or "Event of Default" blocker and you can find it by googling either of those terms in Section 2 of the Credit Agreement, which deals with borrowings) but it would be pretty ballsy of their lenders to pull this 4 weeks after they had no problem giving them an extra $100 mill, so I think we can write that prospect off. Let's talk about (2). Pricing. I'm not going to explain LIBOR to you because it'll go away soon anyway but for our purposes what you need to know is that whenever you see an "L+" in a pricing grid it means LIBOR PLUS the number after it. In this case, they're paying L+300 basis points for the term loan and L+275 basis points for the revolver, with a sliding scale based on their credit rating. Let's assume it's L+275. Find this under the definition of "Applicable Margin". This accounts for their great big interest expense. It's payable quarterly, so they're going to be stung, but they'll be able to get through it - they are probably paying about $20 mill a quarter in interest and like we said above, they've got at least $250m to play with if they need to. That said, if the parks don't reopen for more than another quarter, this could get ugly fast. More money drawn means more interest payable. So now we can look at (3). Can they get more debt from other lenders? Here's the tricky part. NEGATIVE COVENANTS. Remember, the rule with these documents is you can't do anything EXCEPT. So we need to find the exceptions to incurring additional debt. These live in the 'Indebtedness' sections of the negative covenants in the Credit Agreement, which are nearly always in Section 7. Normally debt lives in 7.03. Found it? Good. Let's see what they can do. Teaching moment. Lots of you asked yesterday how they could incur extra debt from *other banks* even if they're allowed to - why a bank would want to lend money to a bad company or a company heading into troubled waters. The answer is simple: money. Higher risk lending means they can charge a higher price. And remember, they're going to immediately de-risk by selling the debt to someone else. Literally can't go tits up for them (until it does for the bagholder, but that's someone else's problem). Back to the technicals. Covenants have dedicated 'baskets'. Each one of those little paragraphs is a different exception and they can use most of them independently of each other. Some are for normal shit - like sale leasebacks or whatever. Some are more general. That's what we're looking for. Sometimes there's even a provision which lets you mix and match the baskets when you run out of room in one by using the extra in another. This is called "reclassification" and is for our more advanced students to worry about. Find it by CTRL+F "reclass". hint: $SEAS has this feature. Anyway. Job 1 is finding the 'freebie' or 'unconditional' basket. It's normally the shortest one and says something like "Aggregate Indebtedness of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries in an amount to not exceed $X". Ours is in 7.03(m). It's $175 million. That's good! The other key basket for general use is called incremental or accordion debt. We talked about this yesterday. This bit is much more complicated. Here's the explainer. This is debt incurred at a similar level of seniority which is taken to be treated the same way as the credit agreement debt in terms of priority. They get all the benefits of the protections without the need to stress about being part of the original bank group. Banks don't like this - borrowers LOVE it. You get a limited amount of this. It's often called an 'Incremental Cap', an 'Available Amount', or - as in this case - a 'Cumulative Credit'. You get a starter basket - a set figure - then you get rewarded by getting more in this bucket as your performance improves in other areas. These are the 'builder amounts'. Look in the definition to see what I'm talking about. Anyway. Here they get $325 million to start with, plus whatever else is available in the cumulative credit definition. From the 10-K explainer they don't have any other incremental debt, so we can assume that this is fully available. CTRL+F "incremental" in the Credit Agreement to learn more. TL;DR? $SEAS can incur a shitload of additional debt. Cashflow secured, right? Wrong. Financial Covenants (Extra credit) A financial covenant is a special rule that says you need to keep a certain ratio - measuring some kind of fiscal performance - in line with a set figure, or lenders can call in the debt and make you pay it all back at once. Now, most of the time, these don't apply to term loans in 2020, just revolvers, and that's the case here too. Just CTRL+F "Financial Covenant" to find it. In today's market, covenants aren't 'fixed' like they used to be though (that is, apply all the time). Instead, they're 'springing' - they get keyed off a certain event - like tapping too much of a revolver (here, it's 35%). Found it? Good. For $SEAS, it says that they're not allowed to go above a 6.25:1.00 First Lien Secured Leverage Ratio. This means the ratio of their debt to their EBITDA can't go above 6.25x (this is what 'leverage' is - no, not what your wife uses to get you to do her boyfriend's laundry) - or they'll need to pay back their revolver. This causes something of a domino effect - the revolver getting called in would mean the TL lenders could call the TL in (this is called a 'cross-default'). So they need to be careful with the revolver covenant compliance. What does this mean? Use your noodle. Would they rather tap excess revolver and risk covenant breach, or just go out and get spicey incremental debt? Probably the latter. That's going to be expensive. They're going to get into some dire straits quickly if they can't reopen. And where does that $1.5bn in repayments come from? What does this mean for the ticker? Again, use your fucking noodle. I don't give advice for free. TL;DR (Can't help those that won't help themselves) SPY $69 4/20 blaze it. Read Under the Volcano. Good luck out there autists. AMA on this starts at 3pm ET tomorrow EDIT 1 I can’t fucking believe I have to say this but this is not DD. Don’t think I’m advocating a position on this stock because I’m not. I’m trying to help you with the same tools that the big boys use to fuck you. EDIT 2 AMA in the comments live until 5pm ET. EDIT 3 I'm done with the AMA for now. Anyone who asked a decent technical question will get a response in the next 24 hours. $SEAS May death puts were up 11,000% today. Never change, WSB. EDIT 4: Fuzzy does $F. https://www.reddit.com/wallstreetbets/comments/fqk15o/fallen_angels_shitty_cars_worse_debt_and_what_it/
Dear Randy, I would like to ask what is your opinion concerning driver's influence on development of the car. And are there any big differences between the driver's feedbacks? Which driver was the best one you have been working with during those 5 years, concerning the feedback? Thanks in advance for your answer.
Driver feedback has a big influence on the development of the car, after all, if the driver can't exploit upgrades/developments/the car then you won't see any laptime gains - nobody else is in the car and so this feedback is vital. However, it is part of a multitude of tools, experience, analysis, etc. that we have, so you can't underestimate the other contributors to development also.
All of the drivers I have worked with have been quite different in terms of their feedback, I don't think I can pick a best one as they all have great qualities, Fernando seemed to instantly know what was wrong/where to improve, Lando is very open and easy to talk to, etc.
Hi Randy!! I wanted to ask you how hard is predict the degradation and overall performance of this generation Pirelli tyres. Also, are you excited for the new rules? I was also wondering how international the McLaren team really is in terms of staff. Thank you!!!
I would say it's not super difficult in the current generation of tyres to predict degradation and overall performance - this is done by our tyre experts and the strategy team together. Things change, however, through the weekend and sometimes you have to be very much into the empirical data to spot shifts in behaviour because of this.
I am excited for the new rules - change keeps us on our toes and presents opportunities. Even though I thought single-shot qualifying was a bad idea before we implemented it, it presented an opportunity to really adapt your strategy in qualifying to take advantage - as an example of these opportunities.
The team is really quite international, thinking about the people I work with on a regular basis, most are from the UK, but they also include Italian, Japanese, French, Spanish and German as nationalities.
Can we get McLaren's Tooned back? Next year with Lando and Dan Ric would be fun!
I've already asked a few times. I love Tooned!
Very broad question, but what are your thoughts on simracing and how seriously some team/people take it?
I think simracing is a great thing, especially with the relative ease of access (cost and location issues) compared to typical motorsport. There is some mounting evidence of a correlation between simracing and physical racing talent as well.
I'm impressed by how seriously some people take it and how good they are - I think it can also be quite addictive - there's a guy in our team Oli who plays pretty much all the time, we think by next week he'll be able to complete a full lap of one of the easier circuits.
Is AI (by which I mean applied neural networks) making inroads into how strategy calls are made in F1? It seems like it could be super useful for analysing how and when the tyres are going to degrade.
It is. I am a strong proponent of machine learning and artificial intelligence and we are getting some good benefits in this area. I can't say more.
How often do you pick a strategy that is not the fastest (by the models), but is counter to the other team(s) that you are trying to beat that race?
If you are referring to the "free air" quickest strategy - i.e. if I was racing alone, how many pitstops should I do and what tyre sequence should I use then we will almost always not use that strategy.
That strategy would be quickest if you have no other interactions with other cars, which is rare for any car in an F1 race - as you have interactions from battling/overtakes, lapping, etc. but it is not the best strategy (and potentially not the quickest) when interactions with other cars are present.
Depending on the types of interactions there will be a force that acts on the "baseline" strategy mentioned above, the propensity to drop into traffic, for example, may push a stop lap later to avoid getting stuck or battling, etc. But all of these will need to be weighed up to come up with an "optimum" strategy.
Ok, so one thing bothered me for a while now. In many races we see sudden safety cars or double yellows. More often than not, the commentators turn this into a "everyone has to decide real quickly what to do now" situation. Do you really decide just then whether or not to pit a car? If yes, why? I imagine you could easily run multiple real-time simulations that tell you at every given moment with a high precision whether pitting is beneficial or not. Is that not possible or is it just the commentators playing up the situation?
Really both things are correct. We try and simulate and analyse what to do in the future, even as humans, every second of the race we'll be thinking what we would do if there were a safety car, probing each other in the strategy team to test our strategies and so on, so in a way we are trying to be prepared before the safety car is deployed, if it is.
However, safety cars can be quite disruptive, depending on who has crashed or what has caused it, etc. your simulations and prior analysis may no longer be useful because the race state has changed too much. In this case you operate from first principles and (hopefully) a deep understanding of the key factors in the race that would sway decisions one way or another.
Safety car decisions are also very game theoretic which can make things more difficult as you typically won't know your competitors' decisions until some time after the safety car is deployed, reducing your time down even further.
Hey Randy! I am a big F1 fan and am very interested in what is one thing you hate about being F1? Could be anything just curious since I am not planning to do anything related with F1 (want to become a coder) but want to know something you dislike about being/doing/involved in F1. Also I know that you already answered something like this but are you going to miss the Carlos/Lando memelord group? Also what are you expecting Riccardo to bring in the meme side. I like to focus on the silly things about F1 hehe.
I think the one thing I do dislike about F1 is that more people can't be involved in it. I'm so fortunate to work with our young, extremely talented and proactive graduates, intern students and placement students but my role means I am also responsible for turning away swathes of talent as we have such a limited number of roles.
It's not fair that we are turning away people who are far more talented and would have far more positive impact than, for example, myself and it can be quite upsetting. However, as the sport continues to grow and prosper I'm sure there will be many more opportunities coming up.
I will miss the Carlos/Lando pairing just as I miss the Stoffel/Fernando pairing and many of the others. I have been fortunate enough to work with some extremely talented and friendly drivers so in a way you miss every one and every pairing. On the other hand I'm sure it will be just as great, in a different way with Ricciardo - I'm looking forward to some bonza Aussie slang and pulling out the "Chopper does the weather" video each year!
hello. as a 16 year old student doing a levels what would u say helped u the most in terms of getting to the position u are in now? im intestered very much in working in f1 when i grow up and im looking to do mechanical engineering in uni. thank you
I would say that Maths, Further Maths and Physics helped and will help the most - especially in preparing you for engineering at university also.
If you have other subjects to choose as well, then I can also put in a word for doing what you enjoy as well as what you 'need'.
the below is a reply to the above
Thanks for replying. Would you mind telling me what uni you went to aswell? Loads of choices to pick from and im unsure
I went to the University of Oxford. There's a very large mix of colleges and universities represented here and thinking about recent graduate hires we have talented people from UCL, University of Bath, University of Southampton, Cambridge University, University of Newcastle and many more.
Are there any members of the traveling team that have a business / not engineer background? Would love to work in F1, but being an economist does not help. Right?
Being an economist is not common and I don't know of anyone who is travelling who is an economist by background. But for reference I did Engineering, Economics & Management with a fair amount of Economics and Econometrics. It's not impossible, but as long as you're smart, motivated and can pick up the engineering knowledge you have a shot.
Hi Randy, many thanks for taking the time to answer questions. I’ve snuck two questions into my post. How many people would typically work on strategy within an F1 team and would many of these be based in Brackley during race weekends? Are there any roles in your strategy team that are targeted at or suited to actuaries / risk modellers / mathematical modellers/ statisticians rather than engineers?
Around 3 to 6 would typical for a strategy team and normally teams will have 1 of the team trackside, the rest back at HQ. For clarity, none of our strategists should be working at Brackley (Mercedes) - if they are we will be having some difficult conversations!
I would say that strategy does lend itself to those backgrounds (I'm a part qualified actuary - I rejoined F1 before I finished my last few exams), as much as it does to engineering backgrounds (or maths, or stats, or physics, etc. etc.).
Just wanted to say I really appreciate you answering so many questions. What race of the (original) 2020 calendar did you most look forward to? And what is your approach when determining a strategy for a new F1 track, such as Zandvoort?
Both Vietnam and Netherlands GPs were very much up there, because of being new to the calendar. This always adds some extra challenge and can lead to more mixed performances compared to the baseline pace of each cadriver.
You tend to rely a lot on Friday data where you are more pressured than usual to learn as much as you possibly can as you've not run their before. There's also a fair amount of prediction and forecasting before you ever leave (as you have to pick tyres, etc.) and a lot more scenario analysis than normal (and there's a lot normally too). Most teams will have the tracks in their simulators and offline simulations weeks, if not months before the actual event as well.
What exactly does a CS do in F1? Asking for a friend
I think many roles could be applicable, but most teams will have fairly substantial Software Engineering departments, as well as lots of modelling and computation activities in Vehicle Science and CFD - all of these may be quite well suited.
Hi Randy. Are there routes to get into motorsport and F1 without the usual maths/engineering route; asking as someone who loves the though of F1 but was shit at DT and intends to study politics?
Based on some of the stories I had read before working in F1 it had seemed that a degree in politics may have been the way of surviving the 'Piranha Club' - however, that is not the case, thankfully.
It will depend on the kind of role, without gaining engineering knowledge or scientific knowledge you'd struggle to work in the core technical or operational areas but we have a finance department, planning department, HR department, etc. and there may be roles in those other areas that are more suitable.
I’m currently at uni studying Mech Eng to hopefully work in F1 some day, and applied for a summer placement at McLaren this year. Of course that’s been cancelled now, and I’m gutted, but am still hoping to be doing an undergraduate placement year in the 21/22 academic year. Ideally, a summer placement this summer would have been a way for me to get my foot in the door and add some much needed experience to my CV, but what would be your advice now, to make myself as appealing a candidate as possible in the decreasing amount of time I have until the application?
Try and find something else, that you enjoy and that is relevant if possible - go fix up an old car, do some formula student, learn a programming language, etc.
Nobody is as gutted as me that Covid is meaning we won't get to work with some very talented summer interns this year.
Hi, I'll go right to the point, I'm from Colombia and finishing my last year of Mechanical Engineer, I've worked as a Mechanic for 2 years and understand quite good vehicle dynamics, I'm good in mathematics and I like to code on python and Matlab, and I keep improving my English. Do you think I have an opportunity as an intern in any racing team? Data analytics, vehicle dynamics something, I just want to get in haha, cheers.
Don't rule yourself out. Many of us never thought we'd get our dream jobs in F1, many of us never thought we were smart or able enough and many of us probably feel like that even once we're in - especially for me, seeing all of the young talent applying for jobs each year. Perseverance is key - you're doing the right things.
"No. Try not. Do or do not. There is no try." - Yoda
Hi Randy, thanks for the AMA! When do the drivers get the last word for a chosen strategy? Is it only in the race, is it before too, given they know the tracks? How the strategy team work alongside all the valuable input from the guys behind the wheels, so you could as a team be always certain about a given strategy? How much drivers and strategists disagree about something? Best of luck in July, I will be rooting for you guys. EDIT: Grammar.
Nearly always the strategy is decided by the strategy team, I can't really remember occasions where the driver or someone else has chosen the strategy. That doesn't mean that the drivers don't have input, before the weekend when we nominate tyres, during the weekend with feedback and during the race over the radio - but we let the experts in each area make decisions and so the strategy is driven by the strategy team.
There are sometimes disagreements, for example, we may think a 1 stop strategy is possible and the driver may think its not, like with all things we'll discuss it rationally and then decide what to do. Sometimes the driver is correct and the 1 stop is too slow to make it work and sometimes we are correct and the 1 stop is the right choice. We try and have the right expertise, skill and feedback coming into the strategy group such that we are correct most of the time (otherwise what is the point of having a strategy group).
Thank you!
This is probably way too late. Do you require a chemist/physicist, my credentials includes but not limited to growing up on Bruce McLaren road. How do you handle inter Strategy-team disputes when/if there is a split between differing choices of strategies. What would you consider to be your go to technique to settle these/bring the team back together after maybe choosing a strategy that it becomes quite clear later on that it was not the optimal choice?
Well done on having parents who chose to live on Bruce McLaren road - they're welcome to get in touch 😀 .
I'm assuming you mean disputes inside the strategy team at McLaren (intra? My Ancient Greek is a bit rusty.)?
I think we are fortunate to have very few disputes whatsoever (thinking about any kind of disagreement) - the team atmosphere is really great and we are all just quite honest with each other and open - if one of the team tells me that I made a mistake, or could have done something better then that's probably some of the most useful/trusted feedback I will ever get to get better. It's kind of a nice feeling knowing that you have to do everything really well, because some of the best people in your field work with you and will call you up if not - so you are constantly improving.
Sometimes we will disagree on stuff, there's a lot of data but a lot of things become subjective, as its a case of weighting some factors over other and the weightings can't always be determined. We may disagree sometimes on (mostly non-strategy) stuff and tend to just work out which underlying assumptions/beliefs/knowledge are different and align if we need to.
I think strategically we have very few disagreements - I can't really remember any. If one of the guys told me something could be better, I'd go away and try and work out how to improve it/avoid making the same mistake/ask them to help me fix or improve it, etc. so any disagreements we do have don't really linger.
Thanks for doing this AMA! Since most F1 teams are based in and around the UK, how often do teams hire Canadians/Americans for intern level or full-time engineering roles? P.S I am currently a Canadian software engineering student in Montreal working towards a career in F1 someday.
I would say it's fairly rare, but I think a lot of that will be based on volume of applications, we get a lot and from memory they are largely non-US/Canadian.
For some internships and placements we require the right to work in the UK which may also be more difficult for Americans/Canadians to achieve - unfortunately this is because we are quite limited in what we can do in this space.
For other roles, including full-time roles it shouldn't be a detriment to your application - especially not if you are able to address it as well in your cover letter.
F1 never stops, obviously, but are there any cities or circuits that you especially enjoy visiting because of the facilities or culture, rather than the racing?
In terms of cities, it's so hard to pick just one, we are fortunate enough to travel to some amazing places.
I have to say that Melbourne (Australia), Suzuka (Japan) and Austin (United States) have to definitely be up there though! But there are so many others that are up there too.
Is Hamilton really that good or is it the car? Would he be as good if he was in, say, a McLaren?
I think the evidence stacks up to say that Hamilton really is that good. I imagine he would be as able in a McLaren, but we have to admit that our car isn't yet as quick as his car - but don't worry we're working on it and going in the right direction!
How many have strategies are developed for every race?
We will easily simulate millions of races, if not billions of races for each race. Unfortunately the number of permutations of races possible far exceeds this number, so we have to employ some smart methods to make each simulation more useful than it would be if we just tried to simulate everything.
[deleted]
Thank you for the concern - but although I'm giving my own views this is being done in conjunction with our Marketing and Communications teams - so there is no risk of me being fired (for this).
I have heard the radios from Sainz at Brazil 2019 and i know he didn't pit during the SC because he didn't have a delta behind, but i still don't understand one thing about the strategy followed that race. My question is, what led you to put Lando on the hards and Carlos on the mediums? Were you aiming to do a 2-stopper with Carlos originally and changed your mind after the Safety Car "shortened" the race? Or did you believe he was better and keeping the tyres alive?
There are reasons, but I'm afraid these lips have to be sealed on this one.
Is there like a kill switch for the car that the team can use to shut off the car
Yes there is, you may hear race engineers telling their drivers to go from "P2 to P1 or P0" and that is effectively what is happening (turning the car off). This procedure is drilled into every driver and race engineer as its very important for safety too.
We can't turn it off remotely as we're not allowed to communicate from the pits to the car (otherwise we'd probably be making all kinds of changes all the time).
How many Gigs of data are generated after a race? Does it vary a lot per race? (provided no failure of some sort)
It can vary but we're roughly talking between 100 and 200 gigabytes of car data, and lots of other types of data such that its probably 1 to 2 terabytes of total data per weekend.
How faster cars could go if they had track specific gear ratios like they used to have?
With the current generation of cars and powerunits - it's not a huge amount (I can't give numbers). Locking down ratios was and is a great cost-saving measure with little noticeable impact for fans or spectators.
Having worked with the likes of Jenson and Fernando, how much did their feedback work into your calls? Is jenson really brilliantly nice as he comes across?
Jenson was my favourite driver growing up, so it was a privilege to work with him - he's a really nice guy.
Their feedback is really important - often (and Jenson would attest to this) we would disagree on how many stops there would be but never would you not value the feedback or use it (even if you decided other things were more important).
the below question has been split into four, enumerated
Thank you for doing an AMA. I have a couple of question for you: 1. did Lando win the bet with the wallpaper
Thanks (but not sure we'll win the 2020 season - I hope we do). He did. This bet required no skill and only a lack of shame.
2. Right now am applying for Mech. Eng. programs in SA (KAUST) US and UK and I hope to work in F1 or Formula E one day, do teams prefer degrees from one country to the other.
No, we don't prefer any country but for some roles there is a requirement to have the right to work in the UK.
3. How many possible strategies do you come up with before the race weekend, do you have one for every grid possibility, temp, tyre setup etc. or is it more simpler?
Millions if not closer to billions. We simulate a lot of different variables including many that you mention. As the weekend progresses the set of permutations shrinks, as it does with each passing lap in the race.
4. as Alonso's former strategist do you see him coming back to F1 for 2021 and to which team? I hope you can answer my questions, and win the 2020 season.
I'm not sure - I hope he does because a talent like his belongs in F1 and I hope he doesn't (I'd rather not race against him).
Hi Randy, thanks for taking the time to come on here. One of my biggest interests in the sport (aside from the racing) is the commercial side of it. Specifically sponsorships but also the negotiations behind them and just the general business of the sport. What college degrees would be most useful to enter the commercial side of a team, and how often would such positions open? What kind of positions would someone be aiming for to enter an entry level role? I'm about to enter college next year and need to finalise my course choices now, and am hoping for some insights on how to break into that world...thanks again!
I think anything focusing on the business side could be helpful (e.g. economics) but I think you also have some freedom to do something you enjoy. My impression is that relevant experience will be more useful than degree choice.
What was the biggest mistake you've done and what were you able to do to correct it? Or in other words how do you deal with mistakes during the race in order to get everything back in order?
I've made many, many mistakes and will make many, many more - but they don't tend to stand out as we hope that we make a mistake, learn from it, change processes and procedures and analysis and move on. I guess one of the biggest changes to how we worked came after Germany 2018, where we, like many teams, made the wrong choice for tyres in the changeable conditions - we learnt a lot from that event. I've experienced lots of poor luck and bad results from races, but I try and separate mistakes from what we can't control.
I think we're very good at not looking at 'sunk cost' now, once you've made a mistake, or something has gone wrong or against you, it doesn't really matter any more until after the event is over when you can analyse it and improve - there's no point expending any energy or thoughts on it in the race, you have to move on to the next thing and you shouldn't try and recover the mistake - it's happened, let it go and work out what to do from where you are.
How hard it is to become an F1 engineestrategist? How much time you took to to become one?
I would say it's difficult to get "your foot in the door" and unfortunately things have gotten so much more competitive over time that it can really take a long, sustained effort to put yourself in a good position.
I ended up waiting a few years for the "dream job" offer in F1 after my placement and to be honest I thought I would never receive that offer.
Perseverance is really important - it is so much more competitive to get in today than it was when I did - but that doesn't make it impossible.
Did Lando keep the screensaver or did you get to keep your £250?
Lando has no shame (and may have forgotten how to change the screensaver) and won that particular bet.
Is there a limit set by the F.I.A. as to how many people can work for a Formula 1 team? And if so, what is the limit?
So there is no limit in terms of the total number of employees, although as the Financial Regulations come into force and we are subject to a budget cap there will be a natural "soft limit" from that.
We are currently limited to 60 operational personnel for nearly the entirety of the race weekend at the track - designed to stop teams spending too much money flying too many people all around the world.
There must be so many people travelling from race to race - what's the atmosphere like around the paddock on the weekend for someone working it? Does it feel like an F1 'community' or do you all generally keep within your teams?
It does feel like an F1 community. People move around teams fairly frequently so I think most people will know someone or have worked with someone at the majority of other teams. You also get to know your counterparts fairly easily.
It's a great atmosphere, there's obviously an underlying feeling of competition and trying to beat your opponents, but there is also a mutual respect as well and most people are actually quite normal human beings (or very good likenesses at least) and quite fun to chat to.
Hi, thanks for doing an AMA! Are there any roles in F1 for someone with a pure economics degree? EEM at Oxford would’ve been great but they stopped offering the degree a few years ago. Thanks
Yeah - what a shame about EEM being discontinued - I thought it was a great course!
There are suitable roles, most teams will have finance departments and areas that even cover financial planning, analysis and strategy. You would also be suitable for more typical roles if you were able to find a way to pick up the engineering side of things.
Hey Randy! I've been reading through all these questions and answers, they're all awesome. I also might be a bit late, sorry. I'm 16 and have dreamt(literally) of being a f1 aerodynamicist when I grow up! I have a knack for physics and calculus. What kind of degree do I try to pursue/study? I am absolutely bewildered by the amount of information out there. Is mechanical engineering the right place to study fluid dynamics, or engineering science? Thank you in advance! P. S. I live in New Zealand
It can vary between general engineering, mechanical engineering, aerodynamics, aeronautics and so on. I would suggest you find something you enjoy and also interrogate the course content to see how applicable it may be to your career desires before committing.
What do you think about Lance stroll? Do you rate him as an F1 Driver?
Lance's race pace has been fairly strong this last year, he has been close to Perez in that respect and Perez is no slouch in races.
Lance's qualifying positions have made it hard for him to score more points - so that's an area that will clearly payback for him (in terms of points scored) if he can improve on it.
Hi Randy, hope you’re doing well over lockdown! I’m currently in my second year of Automotive Engineering and would love to work in motorsport when I graduate (as many of us do). Firstly I wanted to ask whether you felt academic achievement, work experience or who you know in the industry is the most important part of getting a role in F1? And secondly, if you were an engineering student again now what would you do to stand out (especially for someone wanting to work in race strategy)? Really appreciate you doing an AMA by the way, and good luck when the season starts!
I would hope that knowing someone no longer has an impact on getting a role in F1 - I certainly feel that it shouldn't.
Both academic achievement and work experience can be useful - it's hard to rank them. Personally, I have always valued "intelligence" highly - but to me that includes things like book smarts, applied smarts, problem-solving, proactivity, etc.
Thanks for the luck.
Hello! I am currently working for Honda Performance Development where we develop and build the Indycar Honda engine. I got in through an internship from my community college and I have been tearing down and inspecting the engines when they come back to us. I am young and have only taken little math classes so far because I want to become an engineer one day and work in F1. I just don’t know what kind of engineering I should try to get into. I’d love to become one of the engineers who push our engines to the limit at the track. People have told me mechanical engineering can quite basic just designing parts while electrical engineers deal with stuff like engine mapping. What should I do and pursue?
Awesome - sounds like a fun job!
I don't think Mechanical Engineering will hold you back and at many colleges and universities you can specialise enough into the areas that are a little more related to Control Systems/Powerunits to help. I also don't think Electrical Engineering will hold you back either.
From experience, most of our Control Systems engineers I have worked with have done either Mechanical or General Engineering, but not all have.
I would pick what you enjoy and try and get some good and relevant experience and knowledge around that - for example, given you're already at HPD, can you offer to help out with some basic tasks in that area there?
Hi Randy, I know you’re an engineer. I’ve applied for a job in Marketing at McLaren (and other teams) multiple times over the years, and had no success. I live in Australia but I have a dual Australian-British citizenship so I can live and work legally in the UK. I think my skills are strong enough to justify an interview, but I always seem to get rejected. Is there a bias towards hiring people already in the UK? Is being in Australia hurting my chances of scoring a job somewhere like McLaren even if I’m willing to move?
I'm sorry but I'm not sure - I know in engineering we are careful not to be biased, but we have to sometimes consider the right to work in the UK. Perhaps you could try reaching out to HR to find out if there is any feedback?
why Vettel spin
Find me a driver who hasn't. I've never worked with Vettel, but have a lot of respect for him. Driving these cars is not easy and I imagine that driving them 0.1% faster than the other excellent drivers you're competing against (because that's what a tenth of laptime comes down to) puts you even closer to the line between a truly quick lap and disaster.
PS: Why waste time say lot word when few word do trick?
Thank vou for this AMA. I am a PhD Student in engineering Physics. I would like to know where did you start your career as an engineestrategist? As a motorsport enthusiast I would like to be part of a motorsport team. Do you have suggestions from where to start looking?
I think answered elsewhere in this thread, so I won't repeat the comment here.
Keep an eye on the McLaren careers website (and if you really want to work elsewhere - their websites too).
Thanks for all the info in your pervious questions. Do many strategist or engineers work their way through F3 and F2 to get to F1? Is it common/possible for someone to start out in engineering in like suspension design and then transition into strategy? I’m a going into my 3rd as undergard as a ME, does McLaren offer opportunities to pay for grad school and work on the team? What is the difference between the strategists who travel and ones who don’t travel? Do you or other strategists contribute to the design of the next year’s car? Thanks if you get a chance to respond. It’s really thoughtful of you to do this, and I think it reflect very highly on McLaren that you’re doing this! I joined Formula Student in college during my first year and started doing data analysis for my team. Because of my time so far in Formula Student, I picked up following F1. It has been possibly one of the best decisions I’ve made. I’m highly interested into going into F1 now as either an engineer or a strategist.
Hi - thank you for the kind words. I've enjoyed answering these questions! And great that you've picked up a passion for F1.
In my experience, very few of the strategists I have worked with/invited to our team have been in F3 or F2 prior - that's not to say that that is a bad route and certainly I have met some very talented F3 and F2 engineers (including a strategist who has really impressed as well).
The other route you mention, doing some other role at an F1 team and moving over is probably more frequent. We've generally tended to hire people we've worked with and there are plentiful volunteering/assisting opportunities to teammates in the F1 team.
The Engineering Graduate Scheme (which I am biased about positively) is amazing in terms of talent (that's not bias, that's 100% honesty) and so we've actually taken most of our strategists from there as people finish their 2 year rotation period through the F1 business. I can not recommend the Engineering Graduate Scheme enough.
Can you give a funny or interesting story that happened to you and McLaren (about strategy) on a race weekend last year?
No really funny "strategy" stories from this year - at my first race (Australia 2013) I did jump off the pitwall in front of the safety car at least 2 times causing an emergency stop though - and I did get sent on to the track when it was live later that year...
But an interesting story, after Germany I had a very long chat with Carlos in the airport. Initially he was happy with 5th, but we chatted and I explained how we could have got a podium (his first!) by making a different decision, because of how things played out, but that that would have been the wrong choice. It was a great conversation and I think Carlos came around to our way of thinking fairly quickly and sensibly. We sat there and said we just needed to carry on making decisions the right way and the podium would come, little did we know we wouldn't have to wait too long...
hi randy quick question are there any legal related jobs in f1 in specific for lawyers
Yes, most teams will have (small) legal departments.
What are some of the biggest challenges with data visualization that you face? I imagine you have to sift through a lot of telemetry data quickly for your work.
I think some of the biggest problems are having too much data and being able to drill down to the important stuff quickly and making information presentable to those not familiar with the data so it is easy to comprehend the conclusions/summary/analysis.
Hi Randy, Could you explain what Ferrari were doing last year with their fuel flow sensor? And how teams found out? And how sure we are they were doing that? And do you expect other teams to have developed DAS? Thx mate.
I'm afraid I don't know what Ferrari were doing, if anything. Teams conduct a lot of competitor analysis so we do often spot things that others are doing or may be doing that way.
I don't, due to the ban and the complexity and time required to develop such a system but I don't know.
Hi Randy. I couldn't find this specific question. So would you guys love to see less durable tires. Or more obliged pit stops so that there would be more tire strategies possible?
As a strategist, I would love to see less durable tyres than we currently have - but I also understand that drivers want tyres they can push harder on and for longer (to battle each other) and there are a myriad of other factors that Pirelli are also dealing with to produce the "perfect" tyre.
So yes, strategy-wise less durable and higher degradation tyres would, in my opinion, lead to better racing, but they could have negative effects on other things.
I disagree heavily with constraints on strategy as I think they will make racing worse, so I disagree with obligated numbers of pitstops (I have just written another answer about that if you'd like more detail).
For the more “business” roles, do you guys hire people with MBAs or are people with just undergraduate degrees hired as well? (Eg. business strategy for the team, supply chain etc) Do you have an approximate of how many challenges would someone from Canada would have to overcome to get a job? (Or how much better would they have to be than someone from the UK)
I think there are probably not many MBAs based on my knowledge but that does not mean its not a good asset to have and that it won't help you.
I think the right to work in the UK can be very helpful, otherwise it shouldn't help or hurt you.
Evening Randy, I’m actually an undergraduate physicist. I had applied for the race team internship for this summer. I was very sad to hear that it was cancelled. I was really hoping to get a better understanding of how you guys model the tires and decided on optimal strategies and lap times to find the shortest race time. Do you know of anyone who releases tire data publicly that I could have a look at when I eventually get bored this summer? Also I saw that placement over summer as the first stepping stone for a career in formula 1. I’ll be graduating next year so won’t have an opportunity to reapply. Do you have any advice for someone in my position, looking to get into the data analysis side of formula one without much prior knowledge. Thank you for your time.
I'm so gutted that Covid has scuppered our plans this year, I get to manage the summer placements and it's a highlight of each year of work.
Pirelli do a great job of releasing tyre information each weekend to the press and on their website - I'd suggest you start there.
Do all of your plans get tossed if unexpected rain comes? Do you make strategy plans for rain happening at say lap 10, a different plan for if lap 15, etc? And how does rain potential affect amount of fuel you'll carry, if at all?
We don't toss our plans. We do plan for wet and changeable races, as well as all kinds of other scenarios too.
Less fuel is used in the rain as you are going slower (and considerably so) but before you remove too much fuel you'll need to think about the certainty of rain during the race (when you decide hours before how much to fuel the car) and its intensity and duration...
the below is a reply to the above
Thanks for the reply, I know you've had a lot asked. If you don't mind me asking, what's the strangest weather pattern/geological event/etc you've ever made a "no real chance of happening, but just in case" plan for?
I think the typhoons in Japan are always pretty special to follow, there have also been heatwaves and occasionally snow/ice.
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