This is an updated copy of the version on BadHistory. I plan to update it in accordance with the feedback I got.
I'd like to thank two people who will remain anonymous for helping me greatly with this post (you know who you are)
Three years ago a festschrift for Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri was published by Shubhra Chakrabarti, a history teacher at the University of Delhi and Utsa Patnaik, a Marxist economist who taught at JNU until 2010.
One of the essays in the festschirt by Utsa Patnaik was an attempt to quantify the "drain" undergone by India during British Rule. Her conclusion? Britain robbed India of $45 trillion (or £9.2 trillion) during their 200 or so years of rule. This figure was immensely popular, and got republished in several major news outlets (here, here, here, here (they get the number wrong) and more recently here), got a mention from the Minister of External Affairs & returns 29,100 results on Google. There's also plenty of references to it here on Reddit.
Patnaik is not the first to calculate such a figure. Angus Maddison thought it was £100 million, Simon Digby said £1 billion, Javier Estaban said £40 million see Roy (2019). The huge range of figures should set off some alarm bells.
So how did Patnaik calculate this (shockingly large) figure? Well, even though I don't have access to the festschrift, she conveniently has written an article detailing her methodology here. Let's have a look.

How exactly did the British manage to diddle us and drain our wealth’ ? was the question that Basudev Chatterjee (later editor of a volume in the Towards Freedom project) had posed to me 50 years ago when we were fellow-students abroad.

This is begging the question.

After decades of research I find that using India’s commodity export surplus as the measure and applying an interest rate of 5%, the total drain from 1765 to 1938, compounded up to 2016, comes to £9.2 trillion; since $4.86 exchanged for £1 those days, this sum equals about $45 trillion.

This is completely meaningless. To understand why it's meaningless consider India's annual coconut exports. These are almost certainly a surplus but the surplus in trade is countered by the other country buying the product (indeed, by definition, trade surpluses contribute to the GDP of a nation which hardly plays into intuitive conceptualisations of drain).
Furthermore, Dewey (2019) critiques the 5% interest rate.

She [Patnaik] consistently adopts statistical assumptions (such as compound interest at a rate of 5% per annum over centuries) that exaggerate the magnitude of the drain

Moving on:

The exact mechanism of drain, or transfers from India to Britain was quite simple.

Convenient.

Drain theory possessed the political merit of being easily grasped by a nation of peasants. [...] No other idea could arouse people than the thought that they were being taxed so that others in far off lands might live in comfort. [...] It was, therefore, inevitable that the drain theory became the main staple of nationalist political agitation during the Gandhian era.

- Chandra et al. (1989)

The key factor was Britain’s control over our taxation revenues combined with control over India’s financial gold and forex earnings from its booming commodity export surplus with the world. Simply put, Britain used locally raised rupee tax revenues to pay for its net import of goods, a highly abnormal use of budgetary funds not seen in any sovereign country.

The issue with figures like these is they all make certain methodological assumptions that are impossible to prove. From Roy in Frankema et al. (2019):

the "drain theory" of Indian poverty cannot be tested with evidence, for several reasons. First, it rests on the counterfactual that any money saved on account of factor payments abroad would translate into domestic investment, which can never be proved. Second, it rests on "the primitive notion that all payments to foreigners are "drain"", that is, on the assumption that these payments did not contribute to domestic national income to the equivalent extent (Kumar 1985, 384; see also Chaudhuri 1968). Again, this cannot be tested. [...] Fourth, while British officers serving India did receive salaries that were many times that of the average income in India, a paper using cross-country data shows that colonies with better paid officers were governed better (Jones 2013).

Indeed, drain theory rests on some very weak foundations. This, in of itself, should be enough to dismiss any of the other figures that get thrown out. Nonetheless, I felt it would be a useful exercise to continue exploring Patnaik's take on drain theory.

The East India Company from 1765 onwards allocated every year up to one-third of Indian budgetary revenues net of collection costs, to buy a large volume of goods for direct import into Britain, far in excess of that country’s own needs.

So what's going on here? Well Roy (2019) explains it better:

Colonial India ran an export surplus, which, together with foreign investment, was used to pay for services purchased from Britain. These payments included interest on public debt, salaries, and pensions paid to government offcers who had come from Britain, salaries of managers and engineers, guaranteed profts paid to railway companies, and repatriated business profts. How do we know that any of these payments involved paying too much? The answer is we do not.

So what was really happening is the government was paying its workers for services (as well as guaranteeing profits - to promote investment - something the GoI does today Dalal (2019), and promoting business in India), and those workers were remitting some of that money to Britain. This is hardly a drain (unless, of course, Indian diaspora around the world today are "draining" it). In some cases, the remittances would take the form of goods (as described) see Chaudhuri (1983):

It is obvious that these debit items were financed through the export surplus on merchandise account, and later, when railway construction started on a large scale in India, through capital import. Until 1833 the East India Company followed a cumbersome method in remitting the annual home charges. This was to purchase export commodities in India out of revenue, which were then shipped to London and the proceeds from their sale handed over to the home treasury.

While Roy's earlier point argues better paid officers governed better, it is honestly impossible to say what part of the repatriated export surplus was a drain, and what was not. However calling all of it a drain is definitely misguided.
It's worth noting that Patnaik seems to make no attempt to quantify the benefits of the Raj either, Dewey (2019)'s 2nd criticism:

she [Patnaik] consistently ignores research that would tend to cut the economic impact of the drain down to size, such as the work on the sources of investment during the industrial revolution (which shows that industrialisation was financed by the ploughed-back profits of industrialists) or the costs of empire school (which stresses the high price of imperial defence)

​

Since tropical goods were highly prized in other cold temperate countries which could never produce them, in effect these free goods represented international purchasing power for Britain which kept a part for its own use and re-exported the balance to other countries in Europe and North America against import of food grains, iron and other goods in which it was deficient.

Re-exports necessarily adds value to goods when the goods are processed and when the goods are transported. The country with the largest navy at the time would presumably be in very good stead to do the latter.

The British historians Phyllis Deane and WA Cole presented an incorrect estimate of Britain’s 18th-19th century trade volume, by leaving out re-exports completely. I found that by 1800 Britain’s total trade was 62% higher than their estimate, on applying the correct definition of trade including re-exports, that is used by the United Nations and by all other international organisations.

While interesting, and certainly expected for such an old book, re-exporting necessarily adds value to goods.

When the Crown took over from the Company, from 1861 a clever system was developed under which all of India’s financial gold and forex earnings from its fast-rising commodity export surplus with the world, was intercepted and appropriated by Britain. As before up to a third of India’s rising budgetary revenues was not spent domestically but was set aside as ‘expenditure abroad’.

So, what does this mean? Britain appropriated all of India's earnings, and then spent a third of it aboard? Not exactly. She is describing home charges see Roy (2019) again:

Some of the expenditures on defense and administration were made in sterling and went out of the country. This payment by the government was known as the Home Charges. For example, interest payment on loans raised to finance construction of railways and irrigation works, pensions paid to retired officers, and purchase of stores, were payments in sterling. [...] almost all money that the government paid abroad corresponded to the purchase of a service from abroad. [...] The balance of payments system that emerged after 1800 was based on standard business principles. India bought something and paid for it. State revenues were used to pay for wages of people hired abroad, pay for interest on loans raised abroad, and repatriation of profits on foreign investments coming into India. These were legitimate market transactions.

Indeed, if paying for what you buy is drain, then several billions of us are drained every day.

The Secretary of State for India in Council, based in London, invited foreign importers to deposit with him the payment (in gold, sterling and their own currencies) for their net imports from India, and these gold and forex payments disappeared into the yawning maw of the SoS’s account in the Bank of England.

It should be noted that India having two heads was beneficial, and encouraged investment per Roy (2019):

The fact that the India Office in London managed a part of the monetary system made India creditworthy, stabilized its currency, and encouraged foreign savers to put money into railways and private enterprise in India. Current research on the history of public debt shows that stable and large colonies found it easier to borrow abroad than independent economies because the investors trusted the guarantee of the colonist powers.

​

Against India’s net foreign earnings he issued bills, termed Council bills (CBs), to an equivalent rupee value. The rate (between gold-linked sterling and silver rupee) at which the bills were issued, was carefully adjusted to the last farthing, so that foreigners would never find it more profitable to ship financial gold as payment directly to Indians, compared to using the CB route. Foreign importers then sent the CBs by post or by telegraph to the export houses in India, that via the exchange banks were paid out of the budgeted provision of sums under ‘expenditure abroad’, and the exporters in turn paid the producers (peasants and artisans) from whom they sourced the goods.

Sunderland (2013) argues CBs had two main roles (and neither were part of a grand plot to keep gold out of India):

Council bills had two roles. They firstly promoted trade by handing the IO some control of the rate of exchange and allowing the exchange banks to remit funds to India and to hedge currency transaction risks. They also enabled the Indian government to transfer cash to England for the payment of its UK commitments.

​

The United Nations (1962) historical data for 1900 to 1960, show that for three decades up to 1928 (and very likely earlier too) India posted the second highest merchandise export surplus in the world, with USA in the first position. Not only were Indians deprived of every bit of the enormous international purchasing power they had earned over 175 years, even its rupee equivalent was not issued to them since not even the colonial government was credited with any part of India’s net gold and forex earnings against which it could issue rupees. The sleight-of-hand employed, namely ‘paying’ producers out of their own taxes, made India’s export surplus unrequited and constituted a tax-financed drain to the metropolis, as had been correctly pointed out by those highly insightful classical writers, Dadabhai Naoroji and RCDutt.

It doesn't appear that others appreciate their insight Roy (2019):

K. N. Chaudhuri rightly calls such practice ‘confused’ economics ‘coloured by political feelings’.

​

Surplus budgets to effect such heavy tax-financed transfers had a severe employment–reducing and income-deflating effect: mass consumption was squeezed in order to release export goods. Per capita annual foodgrains absorption in British India declined from 210 kg. during the period 1904-09, to 157 kg. during 1937-41, and to only 137 kg by 1946.

Dewey (1978) points out reliability issues with Indian agriculutural statistics, however this calorie decline persists to this day. Some of it is attributed to less food being consumed at home Smith (2015), a lower infectious disease burden Duh & Spears (2016) and diversified diets Vankatesh et al. (2016).

If even a part of its enormous foreign earnings had been credited to it and not entirely siphoned off, India could have imported modern technology to build up an industrial structure as Japan was doing.

This is, unfortunately, impossible to prove. Had the British not arrived in India, there is no clear indication that India would've united (this is arguably more plausible than the given counterfactual¹). Had the British not arrived in India, there is no clear indication India would not have been nuked in WW2, much like Japan. Had the British not arrived in India, there is no clear indication India would not have been invaded by lizard people, much like Japan. The list continues eternally.
Nevertheless, I will charitably examine the given counterfactual anyway. Did pre-colonial India have industrial potential? The answer is a resounding no.
From Gupta (1980):

This article starts from the premise that while economic categories - the extent of commodity production, wage labour, monetarisation of the economy, etc - should be the basis for any analysis of the production relations of pre-British India, it is the nature of class struggles arising out of particular class alignments that finally gives the decisive twist to social change. Arguing on this premise, and analysing the available evidence, this article concludes that there was little potential for industrial revolution before the British arrived in India because, whatever might have been the character of economic categories of that period, the class relations had not sufficiently matured to develop productive forces and the required class struggle for a 'revolution' to take place.

A view echoed in Raychaudhuri (1983):

Yet all of this did not amount to an economic situation comparable to that of western Europe on the eve of the industrial revolution. Her technology - in agriculture as well as manufacturers - had by and large been stagnant for centuries. [...] The weakness of the Indian economy in the mid-eighteenth century, as compared to pre-industrial Europe was not simply a matter of technology and commercial and industrial organization. No scientific or geographical revolution formed part of the eighteenth-century Indian's historical experience. [...] Spontaneous movement towards industrialisation is unlikely in such a situation.

So now we've established India did not have industrial potential, was India similar to Japan just before the Meiji era? The answer, yet again, unsurprisingly, is no. Japan's economic situation was not comparable to India's, which allowed for Japan to finance its revolution. From Yasuba (1986):

All in all, the Japanese standard of living may not have been much below the English standard of living before industrialization, and both of them may have been considerably higher than the Indian standard of living. We can no longer say that Japan started from a pathetically low economic level and achieved a rapid or even "miraculous" economic growth. Japan's per capita income was almost as high as in Western Europe before industrialization, and it was possible for Japan to produce surplus in the Meiji Period to finance private and public capital formation.

The circumstances that led to Meiji Japan were extremely unique. See Tomlinson (1985):

Most modern comparisons between India and Japan, written by either Indianists or Japanese specialists, stress instead that industrial growth in Meiji Japan was the product of unique features that were not reproducible elsewhere. [...] it is undoubtably true that Japan's progress to industrialization has been unique and unrepeatable

So there you have it. Unsubstantiated statistical assumptions, calling any number you can a drain & assuming a counterfactual for no good reason gets you this $45 trillion number. Hopefully that's enough to bury it in the ground.
^{1. Several authors have affirmed that Indian identity is a colonial artefact. For example see Rajan 1969:}

^{Perhaps the single greatest and most enduring impact of British rule over India is that it created an Indian nation, in the modern political sense. After centuries of rule by different dynasties overparts of the Indian sub-continent, and after about 100 years of British rule, Indians ceased to be merely Bengalis, Maharashtrians,or Tamils, linguistically and culturally.}

^{or see Bryant 2000:}

^{But then, it would be anachronistic to condemn eighteenth-century Indians, who served the British, as collaborators, when the notion of 'democratic' nationalism or of an Indian 'nation' did not then exist. [...] Indians who fought for them, differed from the Europeans in having a primary attachment to a non-belligerent religion, family and local chief, which was stronger than any identity they might have with a more remote prince or 'nation'.}

Bibliography

Chakrabarti, Shubra & Patnaik, Utsa (2018). Agrarian and other histories: Essays for Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri. Colombia University Press
Hickel, Jason (2018). How the British stole $45 trillion from India. The Guardian
Bhuyan, Aroonim & Sharma, Krishan (2019). The Great Loot: How the British stole $45 trillion from India. Indiapost
Monbiot, George (2020). English Landowners have stolen our rights. It is time to reclaim them. The Guardian
Tsjeng, Zing (2020). How Britain Stole $45 trillion from India with trains | Empires of Dirt. Vice
Chaudhury, Dipanjan (2019). British looted $45 trillion from India in today’s value: Jaishankar. The Economic Times
Roy, Tirthankar (2019). How British rule changed India's economy: The Paradox of the Raj. Palgrave Macmillan
Patnaik, Utsa (2018). How the British impoverished India. Hindustan Times
Tuovila, Alicia (2019). Expenditure method. Investopedia
Dewey, Clive (2019). Changing the guard: The dissolution of the nationalist–Marxist orthodoxy in the agrarian and agricultural history of India. The Indian Economic & Social History Review
Chandra, Bipan et al. (1989). India's Struggle for Independence, 1857-1947. Penguin Books
Frankema, Ewout & Booth, Anne (2019). Fiscal Capacity and the Colonial State in Asia and Africa, c. 1850-1960. Cambridge University Press
Dalal, Sucheta (2019). IL&FS Controversy: Centre is Paying Up on Sovereign Guarantees to ADB, KfW for Group's Loan. TheWire
Chaudhuri, K.N. (1983). X - Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments (1757–1947). Cambridge University Press
Sunderland, David (2013). Financing the Raj: The City of London and Colonial India, 1858-1940. Boydell Press
Dewey, Clive (1978). Patwari and Chaukidar: Subordinate officials and the reliability of India’s agricultural statistics. Athlone Press
Smith, Lisa (2015). The great Indian calorie debate: Explaining rising undernourishment during India’s rapid economic growth. Food Policy
Duh, Josephine & Spears, Dean (2016). Health and Hunger: Disease, Energy Needs, and the Indian Calorie Consumption Puzzle. The Economic Journal
Vankatesh, P. et al. (2016). Relationship between Food Production and Consumption Diversity in India – Empirical Evidences from Cross Section Analysis. Agricultural Economics Research Review
Gupta, Shaibal (1980). Potential of Industrial Revolution in Pre-British India. Economic and Political Weekly
Raychaudhuri, Tapan (1983). I - The mid-eighteenth-century background. Cambridge University Press
Yasuba, Yasukichi (1986). Standard of Living in Japan Before Industrialization: From what Level did Japan Begin? A Comment. The Journal of Economic History
Tomblinson, B.R. (1985). Writing History Sideways: Lessons for Indian Economic Historians from Meiji Japan. Cambridge University Press
Rajan, M.S. (1969). The Impact of British Rule in India. Journal of Contemporary History
Bryant, G.J. (2000). Indigenous Mercenaries in the Service of European Imperialists: The Case of the Sepoys in the Early British Indian Army, 1750-1800. War in History

Here is my list of books I've been planning on posting for a while now. I've read a good amount of these books but I still have a bunch to go. How did I find these books? I searched the fuck out of amazon for things that I would find useful that had good reviews, ratings, and a summary/description that matched what I was looking for. I don't have the time to write or copy/paste a summary of each book so added the amazon link to each one if you want to know more about it. The last list of miscellaneous books doesn't directly deal with forex trading but rather economics and shit in general. I added them to the list because I figured they would interest some of you. If there are any books I should add to this list, comment below.
Beginners:
These are some of the first Forex books i've read. They're on par with babypips but a little more in depth. Each book explains all the same basic concepts but in their own unique way. I don't know about you guys but I prefer to learn things from different people and sources so I'm exposed to new ways of thinking. If you have been trading for a while, just scroll past these few books, they're meant for complete beginners.

• Forex Trading: The Basics Explained in Simple Terms, Jim Brown - Link
  
• Forex For Beginners, Anna Couling - Link
  
• Forex for Ambitious Beginners, Jelle Peters - Link
  
• Price Action Breakdown, Laurentiu Damir - Link
  

Technical Analysis:
Below is every book you will ever need for technical analysis. They are in no particular order but I strongly advise you to start with the first book by Steve Nison. Of course, just reading these books won't make you a master at TA. You need to apply and practice the concepts as you go. Reading the info is just scratching the surface.

• Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques, Steve Nison - Link
  
• Candlestick Charting For Dummies, Russell Rhoads - Link
  
• Charting and Technical Analysis, Fred McAllen - Link
  
• Getting Started in Chart Patterns, Thomas N. Bulkowski - Link
  
• Technical Analysis For Dummies, Barbara Rockefeller - Link
  
• The Art and Science of Technical Analysis, Adam Grimes - Link
  
• Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets, John J. Murphy - Link
  

Fundamental Analysis:
Fundamental analysis is the study of the underlying fundamentals that move a security, in this case, currency. The fundamentals in forex are all about economics, obviously. Therefore, a majority of the books in this list deal with economics. If you feel comfortable with economics, skip to the economic indicators towards the bottom. I also included a book called Naked Money which deals mainly with our financial system and money.

• Basic Economics, Henry Hazlitt - Link
  
• Naked Economics, Charles Wheelan - Link
  
• Economics Through Everyday Life, Anthony Clark - Link
  
• The Economics Book, DK - Link
  
• Economics DeMYSTiFieD, Melanie Fox - Link
  
• Doughnut Economics, Kate Raworth - Link
  
• Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics, Richard H. Thaler - Link
  
• Naked Money, Charles Wheelan - Link
  
• Economic Indicators For Dummies, Michael Griffis - Link
  
• The Secrets of Economic Indicators, Bernard Baumohl - Link
  
• The WSJ Guide to the 50 Economic Indicators That Really Matter, Simon Constable - Link
  

Psychology:
You can have the BEST trading strategy out there, but without good trading discipline, you're fucked.

• Trading in the Zone, Mark Douglas - Link
  
• High-Probability Trading, Marcel Link - Link
  
• The Signal and the Noise, Nate Silver - Link
  
• Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction, Philip E. Tetlock - Link
  

Miscellaneous:
This is the type of stuff you read when you're bored or taking a shit.

• Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction, Robert C. Allen - Link
  
• The Creature from Jekyll Island, G. Edward Griffin - Link
  
• Richest Man In Babylon, George S. Clason - Link
  
• Narconomics: How to Run a Drug Cartel, Tom Wainwright - Link
  
• The Industries of the Future, Alec Ross - Link
  
• The Urban Farmer, Curtis Allen Stone - Link
  
• Griftopia, Matt Taibbi - Link
  
• Dark Money, Jane Meyer - Link
  
• Currency Wars, James Rickards - Link
  
• How Asia Works, Joe Studwell - Link
  
• Think and Grow Rich, Napoleon Hill - Link
  
• When Genius Failed, Roger Lowenstein - Link
  
• The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith - Link
  
• Why Nations Fail, Daron Acemoglu - Link
  

EDIT: There are some books I left out, I will add them later.

Ultimate crypto safe haven! Finally, Securing Value in Crypto is simple. X8X Token holders are granted a 0% fee for issuing X8Currency, a 100% fiat & gold backed Token.
Token holders are the gatekeepers!
YouTube Video Preview X8X token is also trading on:
Latest X-FEED
ARE CRYPTOCURRENCIES LEAVING LONG-TERM BEAR TERRITORY? On 17 July Bitcoin broke past the $7000 mark. The influx of …
X8 PROJECT ROADMAP UPDATE As promised we are now ready with an updated roadmap which will …
FACEBOOK’S POLICY REVERSAL LEADS TO WIDESPREAD SPECULATION After an explosive year for ICOs and cryptocurrency in 2017, some regulators …
STOCK AND COMMODITY MARKETS REACT PREDICTABLY TO THE LOOMING TRADE WARS – WITH THE EXCEPTION OF GOLD The G7 Summit in Canada in June was marked by uneasiness and …
Media YouTube Video Preview Global Leaders Forum panel 1
YouTube Video Preview Global Leaders Forum panel 2
YouTube Video Preview Global Leaders Forum panel 3
YouTube Video Preview Dubai Blockchain Summit 2018
Upcoming Events
Asean Blockchain Summit 3rd – 4th September 2018
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
More info
World Blockchain Summit 2018 1st – 5th October 2018
Mumbai, India
More info
Salon International des Femmes Entrepreneures 13th – 15th February 2019
Paris, France
More info
Past Events
KBS2018 in Seoul 12th – 13th July 2018
Seoul, Korea
More info
Bloomberg Global Leaders Forum 3rd April 2018
Dubai, UAE
More info
Dubai Blockchain Summit 2018 28th – 29th March 2018
Dubai, UAE
More info
Blockchain in Finance 14th – 15th March 2018
Rome, Italy
More info
Ideal for
TGEs / TGE contributors
Private individuals – traditional savers
Crypto contributors
Financial institutions
Merchants
Speculators & traders
Subscribe to newsletter
Enter your email address*
What is X8X? X8X is an Ethereum pure utility Token, functioning as a Key for issuing X8Currency. To exchange X8Currency for fiat ($/€) with 0% fee you will need to hold a corresponding amount of X8X.
X8X TOKEN SPECIFICATION Address: 0x910Dfc18D6EA3D6a7124A6F8B5458F281060fa4c Token Symbol: X8X Decimals: 18
YouTube Video Preview
Utility Token Token is used as a key to access services of issuing or exchanging the X8Currency at the Issuer.
Limited Cap There will be only 100.000.000 Tokens issued in the TGE, later mining is not supported.
Opportunity X8X holders will be able to obtain their own X8Currency or distribute this right to others on Online Exchanges.
Legislation compliant The X8X Token is issued by a Swiss-based company, approved by the Swiss Regulatory Authorities.
X8 Project - Dual Token Model A revolutionary new store of value for the distributed and traditional economy brought to you by the ultimate currency. The X8 Project developed two Ethereum based Tokens: X8Currency that is fully backed with 8 fiat (cash) currencies + gold and X8X Utility Token that functions as a key to the issuance and exchange process of X8C with 0% fee.
What is X8Currency (X8C)? X8Currency is an Ethereum Token, 100% backed in 8 fiat (Cash) Currencies & Gold. Each Token is represented with assets deposited on bank accounts. Assets are actively managed by the propriety software, Automatic Reserve Management AI. X8C can only be issued or exchanged for fiat with X8X Utility Tokens.
fiat-gold X8Currency Facts:
100% backed with Cash & Gold assets are actively managed by proved and tested AI risk management platform ARM the most stable Crypto Currency 100% exchangeable for 8 fiat Currencies (Cash) at the Issuer for 0% fee with X8X Tokens PROVEN PROVEN Risk management AI developed over 10 years for traditional FinTech, $1B in transactions since 2015.
SAFE SAFE Non-leveraged reserves in top 8 fiat currencies and gold provide unparalleled safety.
LIQUID LIQUID Fiat currency foundation enables daily volume in billions without affecting the price.
SECURE SECURE Triple-redundant Swiss architecture and gold reserves fully utilise the advantages of the Swiss financial ecosystem.
verified Our business partner verifies that this chart represents the holdings of a live account where all trades were executed by ARM AI. View reference here.
The ARM Portfolio risk management AI, which operates the reserves of the X8 currency, was developed over 10 years. It has been operational since 2015 and has generated a transaction volume of over $1 Billion for clients in the traditional financial industry.
8-Currencies-ARM-AI Fiat in X8 brings vast liquidity which can support speedy large transactions with little to no price impact. That means that X8 can scale globally and provide a sustainable solution as a financial system for more than 3,5bn people.
Together with friendly nature of X8 market operations, all participants in the value chain benefit from this constructive system.
X8 leverages the benefits of the Swiss financial ecosystem. Fiat funds deposited in the Swiss UBS AG, will be insured by SwissRE AG and audited daily by JP Fund Services. A store of gold currency in the safest certified storages outside the banking system serves as additional reserve for X8 currency.
Swiss-setup Road map
Team The team behind the X8 Currency blockchain product.
Gregor is behind some of the main design features of ioNectar platform. Gregor combined natural investment perspective with advanced technology capabilities of today into a winning philosophy match. His accumulated experience comes from working as portfolio manager in institutional environment, advising funds, HNWIs and specialists in foreign exchange and other markets.
GREGOR KOŽELJ CEO / Founder Tomaz with his long-term experience in business is responsible for executing the Sales strategy and tactics. The focus is to drive the business forward in creating stronger relationships, converting more prospects in gaining potential clients, increasing sales, creating operational efficiency, and lastly creating a fun and motivational environment.
TOMAŽ LEPOŠA CSO His experience with entrepreneurship, business organization and sales management has given him a valuable insight into business processes and development. His approach to team management and integration makes business operation a smooth and exciting experience.
ALY KULAUZOVIĆ Business development Rudolf Ströbl is a financial expert and program-developer with over 20 years of experience in various projects involving precious metals, options, equities and digital currencies. He has also developed models and algorithms in the Forex Markets. Currently he is the Managing Director of FX & Project Management GMBH in Switzerland. RUDOLF P. STRÖBL Infrastructure Francesca Greco has been a board member of several Private Equity Funds. Her focus are projects related to energy and telecommunications. She has been following closely the development of cutting-edge technologies of great potential. She is currently part of Green Brain Technologies team, where she is in charge of Government Relations and Regulatory Affairs.
FRANCESCA GRECO Legal Lenart manages and supervises legal aspects of the company's business. With experience at law office, he finds working in the area of finance an opportunity to expand his skills and understanding of legal dimensions of finance.
LENART KMETIČ Communications & Legal support Phil is an expert problem solver with a background in finance and communications. He has been a most welcome addition to the team, especially in terms of strategy and sharpening message clarity. He has more than 20 years of active experience in bringing together businesses from Western, Central and Eastern Europe by means of eliminating cultural differentiation.
PHIL LAWRENCE Communications An IT expert with years of participation in the world of cryptocurrencies. His experience in computer programming and knowledge of IT is a valuable contribution to the company. The products of ioNectar gave him an opportunity to employ his skills in a new and exciting way. He is also responsible for ICO communication.
ALEN OBERSTAR Communications With background in social sciences and focus on collapse of complex systems, he welcomed the opportunity to explore issues of financial stability. His passion for research led him to become one of the main contributors to the company's xfeed. He is also in charge of TGE communication.
DAVID PREŽELJ Communications Urban is a long-time cryptocurrency enthusiast with a passion for ICO/TGE research. With his expertise in developing and leading teams he has developed a strategic plan to achieve the successful launch of the X8 TGE project. His strategic vision has assisted in bringing together the existing talents of the X8 team in a coherent manner.
URBAN ALJANČIČ TGE / ICO project manager Simon is a seasoned computer expert with an extensive range of programing skills in different computer languages. As the CTO of ioNectar he knows the area of the platform client and manages technological releases of the product. He is creativity driven with insight in new products development and is behind different original aspects of the platform.
SIMON HOHLER CTO Ervin is a specialist in IT. He brings together his broad technical proficiency from computer science and manages all main IT administration perspectives of ioNectar. Work in specialized software and electronics product solutions is his passion which he has been following. Through persistent expansion of his ability Ervin proved many times he is an IT authority.
ERVIN MARGUČ CIO A computer programmer proficient in several computer languages. He is involved in developing the key components of the ioNectar technology. He is eager to use his knowledge to build bridges between blokchain technology and the world of traditional finance.
ERGIM RAMADAN IT Sofia is in charge of visual presentations and design strategies at ioNectar. The dedicated and enthusiastic team around her created the right environment for her to express her artistic sensibilities and passion for aesthetics in every aspect of the company's presentations.
SOFIA KULAUZOVIĆ Corporate look & design Advisory Board The team behind the X8 Currency blockchain product.
Peter Kristensen is the CEO of JP Integra LLC US, an international finance service group providing administrative and management services to owners and managers of international private capital. PETER KRISTENSEN Financial specialist Olaf Chalmer is a financial advisor with decades of experience in the banking sector who, among other things, offers guidance to investors in financial sector. Currently he is the president of the Swiss Management, Ltd, a consulting company oriented towards clients from Eastern Europe. OLAF CHALMER B2B placement A progressive investment professional with more than 2 decades of experience in top level banks. Mikkel is advising globally on interest rate and FX risk and manages alpha driven G10 portfolios. He is running independent trading & advisory business, is also a specialist in market making and sits on several investment management boards. MIKKEL THORUP Foreign exchange field Marcus von Goetz is a seasoned bondspecialist and trader. During his career he held key bondstrading positions at several prominent financial institutions. He is also a financial advisor for larger market participants. Currently his expertise is available to institutional clients and venture capital entrepreneurs through VG&S Business Development. MARCUS VON GOETZ Business development With a background in finance and an enthusiasm for blockchain technology attorney Peter Merc PhD is the ideal legal consultant for TGEs. He is a member of the supervisory board of Slovenian systemic bank and cofounder of Lemur Legal, a legal company promoting digital transformation. He helps transform TGEs in legally compliant enterprises. PETER MERC, PH.D. Legal advice Simon Cocking is a seasoned business mentor to TGEs and a senior editor at Irish Tech News. He is also an experienced public speaker at events including TEDx and Web Summit. He is a crypto connoisseur and has to date successfully advised and mentored 18 TGEs. He has also founded six prosperous companies. SIMON COCKING Digital Marketing Branko Drobnak is a former investment banker with more than 25 years of experience in finance and entrepreneurship. This background combined with his enthusiasm for ICO research and investment provides valuable insights to the X8 project. BRANKO DROBNAK Strategic advice
EXCHANGE LIST
Binance
Huobi
Kucoin
Bibox
Qryptos
Satoexchange
BIGone
Bitrue
Bilaxy
Bit-Z
Linkcoin
SECURE WALLET
Ledgerwallet
Trezor

Auto Profit Replicator Review by Simon Saunders
Hey! Find Out The Facts About The New Auto Profit Replicator Software!
If you came here looking for the New Version Of Auto Profit Replicator CLICK HERE!
What Is The Auto Profit Replicator?
Auto Profit Replicator is new computerized automated binary options trading system that predicts price fluctuations of in the binary options marketplace! Auto Profit Replicator is considered your best option for boosting your binary option trading profits. The interface is attractive and easy to understand, and care has obviously been taken to make navigating and comprehending the contents as simple as can be. It essentially operates on the premise that an asset's result is either going to rise or fall it gives you a complete summary of the trade, and the information which will advise you on how to go forward with the trade. This is so much easier than having to hunt down the trading information you need from numerous different websites. Instead, you'll have all the information you need in one location!
Click Here To Access The NEW Auto Profit Replicator!
Auto Profit Replicator Review
Auto Profit Replicator is a piece of software built for the real world there's no promises here that users are going to suddenly be making millions overnight. No trading system is going to provide easy riches overnight, so instead all it offers is helpful assistance so that you can place the trade. Each trade will happen at a separate time period over the course of the day, This will be particularly useful to those working with limited time. The amazing thing about the Auto Profit Replicator software is that there's a particular sum that you can use for a trade, This means that you can invest whatever you're comfortable with. Auto Profit Replicator, we were very hesitant to be taken in by the claims of Auto Profit Replicator. We were actually a little discouraged by what the creators had said were its unique strengths. Basically The Auto Profit Replicator is a straight forward and convenient application. All that's needed from you is a few clicks and you'll be investing right away!
Auto Profit Replicator Binary Options Trading
Binary Options is very profitable when you have the right software, especially for those with the deep knowledge of economics. In recent time, the number of traders has increased because of the possibilities that abound in this industry. The influx of new traders, most with little to zero trading experience, is also one big thing that can’t go unnoticed. This is as a result of the introduction of automated software's that do everything for the trader. A perfect example of these software is uto Profit Replicator which trades on a variety of currency pairs. Auto Profit Replicator doesn’t require any technical skill or trading experience. It basically handles everything for you. If you're thinking about getting into trading Binary Options or, if you're already an established investor and the setup you're using just now isn't working well for you the Auto Profit Replicator system could help you out. Forex Trading is an industry with huge potential to get some serious cash, and it's constantly growing. Using Auto Profit Replicator, you can take out a lot of the legwork that's usually involved with trading. The first thing you need to have in order to begin trading in the binary options market is a internet connection this is needed in order to let you have access to actual time information on what is happening in the market.
The Auto Profit Replicator app is very easy to use so if you click the link below and enter your email address. and you'll go to the next page where the ins and outs will be explained to you in detail. Just click on the link below so you can get more information
Start Trading With The NEW Auto Profit Replicator Software!!!

30 Day Change Review Hey!! Please Read This review of the 30 Day Change software before you download the 30 Day Change by Simon C
So What Exactly Is The 30 Day Change?
30 Day Change is binary trading application. The 30 Day Change Trading System is a new computerized automated system that predicts price fluctuations in the binary options market place. The interface is sleek and easy on the eyes, and care has obviously been taken to allow for navigating and comprehending the contents as simple as possible. It basically runs on the premise that an asset's financial worth is either going to rise or fall it gives you a complete overview of the trade, and the information which will guide you on how to go forward with the trade. This is far move convenient than having to look for the information you need from a number of trading websites. Instead, you'll have all the information you need in one location! 30 Day Change software is considered the best option for boosting your binary option trading profits even if you've never experienced trading binary options!
Click Here To Start Trading With The New 30 Day Change Software!!
30 Day Change Reviewed By Simon C
30 Day Change is a realistic application there's no promises here that traders are going to suddenly be raking in millions. No binary options system is going to provide easy riches overnight, so instead all it offers is helpful assistance so that you can place the trade. Each trade will happen at a certain time period over the course of the day, This will be particularly useful to those of you working with limited time. The great thing about the 30 Day Change software is that there's a particular amount that you can put up for each trade, This means that you can trade whatever you're happy with. 30 Day Change, we were extremely reluctant to be taken in by the claims of 30 Day Change. We were actually put off by what the creators had said were its unique strengths. Basically The 30 Day Change is a straight forward and convenient application. All that's needed from you is a few clicks and you'll be investing right away!
30 Day Change Binary Options Trading Signals Software 2015
If you're thinking about getting into trading Binary Options or, if you're already an established investor and the setup you're using just now isn't working well for you the 30 Day Change system could help you out. Forex binary options trading is an industry with fantastic opportunities to make profits, and it's constantly growing. Using 30 Day Change, you can take out a lot of the legwork that's usually involved with trading. The first thing you need to have in order to begin trading in the binary options market is a internet connection this is needed in order to let you have access to real time details on what is happening in the market.
The 30 Day Change app is easy to use just click the link below and enter your email address. and you'll be taken to the next page where the ins and outs will be explained to you in detail. Just simply click on the link below so you can get more information about this software
Click Here And Watch This Video!

Wait! Before you buy The $100K Club, Read Simon Johnson's The $100K Club System Review - find out if it stands up to the hype! Is it Legit or Scam?
What is The $100K Club :
The $100K Club System is the English version of Option Rally and is a semi-automated trade program for binary options. It analyses 11 indicators and initiates a trade that only needs to be confirmed by the user. This rules out errors and frustrating days in front of the computer. A few clicks is all it takes. .

==>Check Out The 100K Club Official Website<==

.
1) Download
You can download the software free and without obligation from the official website at
You can test The $100K Club System with $500 Demo money WITHOUT depositing money and convince yourself of power of The $100K Club System!
Once the trial period expires, you can choose to purchase the full version. The price is set by trade volume and starts at $297 to $2397 per month.
2) Installation and activation
The installation process is self-explanatory and only takes a few minutes. The trade account with Vault Options Finance is equally created in just a few steps.
For a proper trial, I would recommend loading the Options Maker Finance trading account with at least 200, – $ or more. Depositing funds is secure and smooth, whether you use your credit card, a bank transfer or any other popular payment method.
3) Use
Once you have deposited funds, your software is ready to use immediately. As soon as you receive a signal, simply confirm the trade. 1 click – that’s it!
I was really impressed with the ease of use. All procedures are explained in detail and foolproof. I set up my first trade at dusk and realised a substantial profit on my first day.
What We Like Best With The Platform:
Free download of the software
Compatible with Windows and MAC computer
Free demo account with demo money
Automatic search for binary signals
Once we access the member’s area, here are what is included:
Free binary option training
Step by step guide to the system
Professional traders/brokers
Pros:
The method of trading being simple is easy to understand
The beginners can learn through easily.
Rewards and risks go hand in hand.
Percentage profit will not be affected by any amendment in the market trends.
Cons:
Losses in the trade can cost you more than what you could have earned through winning
Bottom Line:
The $100K Club System is definitely not a scam. It’s a free training. You are the one to decide how much money you should put into forex. This is plain and simple. I’ve followed this training from past 1 week and have made over $2540 in profits. I only invested $500 when I started. I just can’t believe it is possible. I never thought about putting my money into forex because of the hesitation and risk of loosing money but now I’m relieved to see the profits I’m making.
.

==>Click here to Get The 100K Club For Free With Bonus<==

.
.
The $100K Club -- Incoming Searches The $100K Club Review, The $100K Club Reviews, The $100K Club Scam, The $100K Club Legit, The $100K Club, The $100K Club Software, The $100K Club System, The $100K Club Bonus, The $100K Club Reviews Scam Legit

Auto Profit Replicator Review By Simon Saunders Discover The Insider Details About The New Auto Profit Replicator Software!
So What Is The Auto Profit Replicator?
Auto Profit Replicator is binary options trading app. It has been specially coded to predict winning trades. Auto Profit Replicator is considered the best option for boosting your binary option trading profits even if you've never experienced trading binary options! The interface is sleek and easy on the eyes, and care has obviously been taken to make navigating and understanding trades as easy as possible. It essentially works on the premise that an asset's value is either going to rise or fall it gives you a complete overview of the trade, and the indicators which will advise you on how to proceed with the trade. This is so much easier than need to look for the trading information you need from numerous different websites. Instead, you'll have all the information you need in one convenient place!
Click Here To Start Trading With The NEW Auto Profit Replicator!
Auto Profit Replicator Review
Auto Profit Replicator is a piece of software built for the real world there's no assurances here that users are going to suddenly be raking in millions. No binary options trading software is going to give you easy fortunes overnight, so instead all it offers is helpful support so that you can make the trade. Each trade will happen at a certain time period over the course of the day, This is especially useful to those working with tight schedules. The great thing about the Auto Profit Replicator software is that there is a particular amount that you can put up for a trade, This means that you can invest whatever you're comfortable with. Auto Profit Replicator, we were extremely reluctant to be taken in by the claims of Auto Profit Replicator. We were actually a little discouraged by what the developers had touted as its benefits. Basically The Auto Profit Replicator is a simple and convenient software. All that's needed from you is a few clicks and you'll be investing right away!
Auto Profit Replicator Binary Trading App
If you're wanting to get into trading Binary Options or, if you're already trading and your current system isn't working as well as you'd hoped the Auto Profit Replicator system could help you out. Forex Trading is an industry with huge potential to make profits, and it's always getting bigger. Using Auto Profit Replicator, you can take out a lot of the manual work that's usually involved with trading. The first thing you need to have in order to start trading in the binary options market is a internet connection this is needed in order to let you have access to real time info on what is happening in the market.
The Auto Profit Replicator app is very easy to use just click the link below and enter your email address. and you'll be taken to the next page where the in depth info will be shared with you in detail. Just simply click on the link below so you can get more information
Click Here To Download The New Version Of Auto Profit Replicator!