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Mega eTextbooks release thread (part-28)! Find your textbooks here between $5-$25 :)
Kindly note that the price range mentioned above is only for the books in the megathread list. Any requested books unavailable in the list can cost more, so please do not make any wrong assumptions.
If you find your book in the thread below, comment "PMed" below and then send your request by clicking here (expect super quick replies).
Don't mention the title of the book in comments section, please
Almost all the books are in their latest editions and some of them are available in multiple editions too
All the payments would be upfront and accepted payment modes are PayPal/BTC/ETH/LTC. Gift cards can also be accepted in special cases
Books are delivered through Google-Drive or Dropbox links within a few minutes/seconds of payment
You can also send requests via email/Google-Hangouts request/Skype request to [email protected] for faster communication
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Please find the list below:
Disease Gene Identification: Methods and Protocols, 2nd Edition: Johanna K. DiStefano
Statistical Aspects of the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 3rd Edition: Basil Jarvis
Revel for Social Problems, 14th Edition: Stanley Eitzen & Maxine Baca Zinn & Kelly Ei Smith
Fundamentals of Human Resource Management: Pearson New International Edition, 3rd Edition: Gary Dessler
Economics Today: The Micro View, 18th Edition: Roger LeRoy Miller
Employment Law for Business, 8th Edition: Dawn Bennett-Alexander & Laura Hartman
Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics: The Anatomic Approach, 5th Edition: Stanley Hoppenfeld & Piet de Boer & Richard Buckley
Project Management in Construction, 7th Edition: Sidney Levy
Financial and Managerial Accounting, 7th Edition: John Wild & Ken Shaw & Barbara Chiappetta
Handbook of Plant Disease Identification and Management, 1st Edition: Balaji Aglave
Handbook of Insulin Therapies, 1st Edition: Winston Crasto & Janet Jarvis & Melanie J. Davies
Python for Programmers: with Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Case Studies, 1st Edition: Paul J. Deitel & Harvey Deitel
Medical Ethics: Accounts of Ground-Breaking Cases, 7th Edition: Gregory Pence
Human Resource Management, 13th Edition: Gary Dessler
The Biology and Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Cells, 2 Volume Set, 1st Edition: Kerry Atkinson
Computer Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition: William Chuck Easttom
Hendee's Radiation Therapy Physics, 4th Edition: Todd Pawlicki & Daniel J. Scanderbeg & George Starkschall
Nutrient Delivery, 1st Edition: Alexandru Grumezescu
Technology Entrepreneurship: Taking Innovation to the Marketplace, 2nd Edition: Thomas N. Duening & Robert A. Hisrich & Michael A. Lechter
Chemistry of Metalloproteins: Problems and Solutions in Bioinorganic Chemistry, 1st Edition: Joseph J. Stephanos & Anthony W. Addison
Mathematical Statistics with Applications in R, 2nd Edition: Kandethody M. Ramachandran & Chris P. Tsokos
Diagnostic Imaging: Genitourinary, 3rd Edition: Mitchell E. Tublin
Comprehensive Management of Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain and Spine, 1st Edition: Robert F. Spetzler & Douglas S. Kondziolka & Randall T. Higashida & M. Yashar S. Kalani
Digital Design: With an Introduction to the Verilog HDL, 5th Edition: M. Morris R. Mano & Michael D. Ciletti
Plasmids: Biology and Impact in Biotechnology and Discovery, 1st Edition: Marcelo E. Tolmasky & Juan C. Alonso
Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being, Global Edition, 12th Edition: Michael R. Solomon
Project Management Case Studies, 5th Edition: Harold Kerzner
Medical Phisiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 4th Edition: Rodney A. Rhoades & David R. Bell
Essentials of Contemporary Management, 7th Edition: Gareth Jones & Jennifer George
Harmony and Voice Leading, 4th Edition: Thomas E. Benjamin & Michael Horvit & Robert S. Nelson
Principles of Economics, 2nd Edition: Lee Coppock & Dirk Mateer
Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 2nd Edition: Richard J. Lamont & George N. Hajishengallis & Howard F. Jenkinson
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spine, 5th Edition: Scott W. Atlas
Accounting Information Systems: Controls and Processes, 3rd Edition: Leslie Turner & Andrea B. Weickgenannt & Mary Kay Copeland
Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Sustainable Value Creation, 5th Edition: David Chandler
Julien's Primer of Drug Action: A Comprehensive Guide to the Actions, Uses, and Side Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, 14th Edition: Claire D. Advokat & Joseph Comaty & Robert Julien
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy And Its Geostrategic Imperatives, 1st Edition: Zbigniew Brzezinski
The Cosmic Perspective: The Solar System, 8th Edition: Jeffrey O. Bennett & Megan O. Donahue & Nicholas Schneider & Mark Voit
Ultrastructure Atlas of Human Tissues, 1st Edition: Fred Hossler
Advances in the Biology and Management of Modern Bed Bugs, 1st Edition: Stephen L. Doggett & Dini M. Miller & Chow-Yang Lee
Patterns of World History: Volume One: To 1600, 1st Edition: Peter von Sivers & Charles A. Desnoyers & George B. Stow
Genitourinary Imaging: A Core Review, 1st Edition: Matthew Davenport
Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Edition: Errol R. Norwitz & Carolyn M. Zelop & David A. Miller & David L. Keefe
Zoology, 10th Edition: Stephen Miller & John Harley
Radical and Reconstructive Gynecologic Cancer Surgery, 1st Edition: Robert Bristow & Dennis Chi
Davis's Diseases & Disorders A Nursing Therapeutics Manual, 6th Edition: Marilyn Sawyer Sommers
Elementary Number Theory, 7th Edition: David Burton
Accounting Information Systems, 14th Edition: Marshall B. Romney & Paul J. Steinbart
Microeconomics, Global Edition, 9th Edition: Robert Pindyck & Daniel Rubinfeld
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Demystified, 1st Edition: Jim Keogh
Entrepreneurship, 10th Edition: Robert Hisrich & Michael Peters & Dean Shepherd
Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition: Kim E. Barrett & Susan M. Barman & Jason Yuan & Heddwen L. Brooks
Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: A life course approach, 1st Edition: Eric A.P. Steegers & Bart C.J.M. Fauser & Carina G.J.M. Hilders
Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 8th Edition: James L. Meriam & L. G. Kraige & J. N. Bolton
Basic Concepts of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, 8th Edition: Louise Rebraca Shives
Beckmann and Ling's Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8th Edition: Robert Casanova
Biology: Concepts and Applications, 10th Edition: Cecie Starr & Christine Evers & Lisa Starr
Estimating in Building Construction, 9th Edition: Steven J. Peterson & Frank R. Dagostino
The Big Back Book: Tips & Tricks for Therapists, 1st Edition: Jane Johnson
University Physics with Modern Physics, 14th Edition: Hugh D. Young & Roger A. Freedman
Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 7th Edition: Kent Olson & Ilene Anderson & Neal Benowitz & Paul Blanc
Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 7th Edition: Gary W. Procop
Experimental Psychology, 7th Edition: Anne Myers & Christine H. Hansen
Marketing: An Introduction, 13th Edition: Gary Armstrong & Philip Kotler
Gray's Anatomy for Students: With Student Consult, 3rd Edition: Richard Drake & A. Wayne Vogl & Adam W. M. Mitchell
Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice, 5th Edition: David H. Chestnut & Cynthia A Wong & Lawrence C Tsen & Warwick D Ngan Kee & Yaakov Beilin & Jill Mhyre
Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 5th Edition: John W. Moore & Conrad L. Stanitski
Head, Neck and Dental Emergencies, 2nd Edition: Mike Perry
Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 10th Edition: Marilyn J. Hockenberry & David Wilson
Sports Emergency Care: A Team Approach, 3rd Edition: Robb Rehberg & Jeff G. Konin
New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, 10th Edition: Stephen Spinelli & Rob Adams
Caring for the Vulnerable: Perspectives in Nursing Theory, Practice, and Research, 5th Edition: Mary de Chesnay & Barbara Anderson
Geometry: The Line and the Circle: Maureen T. Carroll & Elyn Rykken
Histories of Human Engineering: Tact and Technology: Maarten Derksen
Land Restoration: Reclaiming Landscapes for a Sustainable Future, 1st Edition: Ilan Chabay & Martin Frick & Jennifer Helgeson
Yamada's Handbook of Gastroenterology, 3rd Edition: Tadataka Yamada & John M. Inadomi & Renuka Bhattacharya & Jason A. Dominitz & Joo Ha Hwang
Theoretical Physics 9: Fundamentals of Many-body Physics, 2nd Edition: Wolfgang Nolting & William D. Brewer
Introduction to Programming with C++, 3rd Edition: Y. Daniel Liang
Dental Emergencies, 1st Edition: Mark Greenwood & Ian Corbett
Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere, 2nd Edition: Guido Visconti
Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 3rd Edition: William L. Briggs & Lyle Cochran & Bernard Gillett & Eric Schulz
Strategic Developments in Eurasia After 11 September, 1st Edition: Shireen Hunter
Contemporary Issues in Healthcare Law and Ethics, 4th Edition: Dean Harris
Transitioning from RN to MSN: Principles of Professional Role Development: Brenda Scott & Mindy Thompson
Principles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance, 3rd Edition: Lisa M. Lee & Steven M. Teutsch & Stephen B. Thacker & Michael E. St. Louis
Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 6th Edition: Ron Larson & Betsy Farber
Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, 6th Canadian Edition: Spencer A. Rathus & Jeffrey S. Nevid & Lois Fichner-Rathus & Alex McKay & Robin Milhausen
Becoming Your Own Banker, 6th Edition: R. Nelson Nash
Murach's MySQL, 3rd Edition: Joel Murach
Intermediate Algebra, 13th Edition: Marvin L. Bittinger & Judith A. Beecher & Barbara L. Johnson
Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach, 4th Edition: L. Kay Bartholomew Eldredge & Christine M. Markham & Robert A. C. Ruiter & Maria E. Fernández & Gerjo Kok & Guy S. Parcel
Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 3rd Edition: Robert W. Proctor & Trisha Van Zandt
The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Politics, 17th Edition: Louis Schubert & Thomas R. Dye & Harmon Zeigler
Understanding Earth, 7th Edition: John Grotzinger
Nursing Research in Canada: Methods, Critical Appraisal, and Utilization, 4th Edition: Geri LoBiondo-Wood & Judith Haber & Cherylyn Cameron & Mina Singh
The Philosophy of Film, 1st Edition: Thomas E. Wartenberg & Angela Curran
Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness, 4th Edition: Tener Goodwin Veenema
Language in Mind: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics, 2nd Edition: Julie Sedivy
Medical Anthropology: A Biocultural Approach, 3rd Edition: Andrea S. Wiley & John S. Allen
Exploring Biology in the Laboratory, 3rd Edition: Murray P. Pendarvis & John L. Crawley
Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition: Greg Tomsho
Social Psychology: A Storytelling Approach, 2nd Edition: Leonard Newman & Ralph Erber
Managing Conflict: An Introspective Journey to Negotiating Skills, 1st Edition: Dorothy Balancio
Environmental Change and Challenge: A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition: Philip Dearden & Bruce Mitchell
Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective, 1st Edition: David Eagleman & Jonathan Downar
Cardiac/Vascular Nurse Exam Secrets Study Guide: Cardiac/Vascular Nurse Test Review for the Cardiac/Vascular Nurse Exam: Mometrix Media & Cardiac Vascular Nurse Exam Secrets
Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, The Essentials, 9th Edition: Christine Barbour & Gerald Wright
Principles of Environmental Science, 9th Edition: William Cunningham & Mary Cunningham
Thomas' Calculus, 14th Edition: Joel R. Hass & Christopher E. Heil & Maurice D. Weir
Pharmacology for Canadian Pharmacy Technicians, 1st Edition: Leland Norman Holland & Michael P. Adams & Jeanine Lynn Brice & Heather V. LeBlanc
Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition: Abul K. Abbas & Andrew H. Lichtman & Shiv Pillai
Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 11th Edition: Lee J. Krajewski & Manoj K. Malhotra & Larry P. Ritzman
Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions, 2nd Edition: John Corrigan & Frederick Denny & Martin S Jaffee & Carlos Eire
Professional Nursing: Concepts & Challenges, 9th Edition: Beth Black
Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques, 4th Edition: Vernon J. Geberth
Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systems, 7th Edition: Mikell P. Groover
Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 7th Edition: Benjamin A. Pierce
Computer Science Illuminated, 7th Edition: Nell Dale & John Lewis
The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 8th Edition: John Baylis & Steve Smith & Patricia Owens
Behavioral Neuroscience, 9th Edition: S. Marc Breedlove & Neil V. Watson
Canadian Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach, 12th Edition: Hermann Schwind & Krista Uggerslev & Terry Wagar & Neil Fassina
Brief Principles of Macroeconomics, 9th Edition: N. Gregory Mankiw
Living in the Environment, 4th Canadian Edition: G. Miller & Dave Hackett & Carl Wolfe
Principles of Economics, 9th Edition: N. Gregory Mankiw
Principles of Microeconomics, 9th Edition: N. Gregory Mankiw
Child Development, 9th Edition: Laura E. Berk
Home, School, and Community Collaboration: Culturally Responsive Family Engagement, 4th Edition: Kathy Beth Grant & Julie A. Ray
Set Lighting Technician's Handbook, 4th Edition: Harry Box
Clinical Nurse Leader Certification Review, 2nd Edition: Cynthia R. King
Basic Chemistry, 4th Edition: Karen C. Timberlake & William Timberlake
Family Theories: Foundations and Applications, 1st Edition: Katherine R. Allen & Angela C. Henderson
The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, 7th Edition: Richard Bulliet & Pamela Crossley & Daniel Headrick & Steven Hirsch & Lyman Johnson
Sociology in Action: A Canadian Perspective, 3rd Edition: Tami Bereska & Diane Symbaluk
Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 12th Edition: Lee J. Krajewski & Manoj K. Malhotra & Larry P. Ritzman
Introduction to Food Science and Food Systems, 2nd Edition: Rick Parker & Miriah Pace
Liaisons, Student Edition: An Introduction to French, 3rd Edition: Wynne Wong & Stacey Weber-Fève & Bill VanPatten
Zuckerman Parker Handbook of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics for Primary Care, 4th Edition: Marilyn Augustyn & Barry Zuckerman
Teaching in Today's Inclusive Classrooms: A Universal Design for Learning Approach, 3rd Edition: Richard M. Gargiulo & Debbie Metcalf
The Biological Basis of Mental Health, 3rd Edition: William T. Blows
Developing and Managing Electronic Collections: The Essentials: Peggy Johnson
Western Civilization: Volume II: Since 1500, 10th Edition: Jackson J. Spielvogel
Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don't Know, 1st Edition: Malcolm Gladwell
Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition: Sue E. Huether & Kathryn L. McCance
Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective, 5th edition: Dianne Draper & Ann Zimmerman
Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, 8th Edition: John Kaplan & Robert Weisberg & Guyora Binder
A Photographic Atlas of Histology, 2nd Edition: Michael J Leboffe
Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia, 3rd Edition: Barbara A. Weightman
Climate Change Biology, 1st Edition: Jonathan A. Newman & Madhur Anand & Hugh A. L. Henry & Shelley L. Hunt & Ze'ev Gedalof
The Power of Critical Thinking: 5th Canadian Edition: Chris MacDonald and Lewis Vaughn
Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion, 4th Edition: Richard Gann & Raymond Friedman
Informatics Nurse Exam Secrets Study Guide: Informatics Test Review for the Informatics Nurse Certification Exam: Informatics Exam Secrets Test Prep Team
General Chemistry, 10th Edition: Darrell Ebbing & Steven D. Gammon
A Practical Guide to Computer Forensics Investigations, 1st Edition: Darren R. Hayes
Basic Biomechanics, 8th Edition: Susan Hall
Essay Writing for Canadian Students, 8th Edition: Roger Davis & Laura K. Davis
Biology, 11th Edition: Peter Raven & George Johnson & Kenneth Mason & Jonathan Losos & Susan Singer
Molecular Imaging, 1st Edition: Ralph Weissleder& Brian D. Ross & Alnawaz Rehemtulla & Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
Criminology, 4th Edition: Frank Schmalleger
A Theory of Truthmaking: Metaphysics, Ontology, and Reality: Jamin Asay
The Routledge Handbook of Metaphysical Grounding, 1st Edition: Michael J. Raven
Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 5th Edition: David C. Lay & Steven R. Lay & Judi J. McDonald
Essentials of Human Communication, 9th Edition: Joseph A. DeVito
Economics: Principles, Applications, and Tools, 9th Edition, Global Edition: Arthur O'Sullivan & Steven Sheffrin & Stephen Perez
Global Health 101, 3rd Edition: Richard Skolnik
Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics, 4th Edition: Gary Chartrand & Albert D. Polimeni & Ping Zhang
Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Globalization, Innovation and Sustainability, 15th Edition, Global Edition: Thomas L. Wheelen & J. David Hunger & Alan N. Hoffman & Charles E. Bamford
Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th Edition, Global Edition: Theodore E. Brown & H. Eugene LeMay & Bruce E. Bursten & Catherine Murphy & Patrick Woodward & Matthew E. Stoltzfus
Biopsychology, 10th Edition, Global Edition: John P. J. Pinel & Steven Barnes
Electric Circuits, 11th Edition: James W. Nilsson & Susan Riedel
Keeping the Republic; Power and Citizenship in American Politics, the Essentials, 8th Edition: Christine Barbour & Gerald C Wright
Applied Behavior Analysis: Pearson New International Edition, 2nd Edition: John O. Cooper & Timothy E. Heron & William L. Heward
Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, 7th Edition, Global Edition: William Stallings
Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, 9th Edition, Global Edition: William Stallings
Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, 9th Edition, Global Edition: John C. Hull
Invitation to the Psychology of Religion, 3rd Edition: Raymond F. Paloutzian
Valuation: The Art and Science of Corporate Investment Decisions, 3rd Edition: Sheridan Titman
Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology, 5th Edition: Richard J. Johnson & John Feehally & Jurgen Floege
Miller & Freund's Probability and Statistics for Engineers, 9th Edition, Global Edition: Richard Johnson & Irwin Miller & John Freund
Exploring Strategy: Text and Cases, 11th Edition: Gerry Johnson & Richard Whittington & Patrick Regnér & Kevan Scholes & Duncan Angwin
Economics for Business, 7th Edition: John Sloman
Essentials of Economics, 7th Edition: John Sloman & Dean Garratt
Economics, 9th Edition: John Sloman & Dean Garratt & Alison Wride
Essential Economics for Business, 5th Edition: Johnsloman & Jones Elizabeth
Finite Mathematics, 7th Edition: Stefan Waner & Steven Costenoble
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security, and Privacy, 1st Edition: Bruce A. Arrigo
Evolution, 4th Edition: Douglas J. Futuyma & Mark Kirkpatrick
Adult Development and Aging, 7th Edition: John C. Cavanaugh & Fredda Blanchard-Fields
Foundations of Finance, 9th Edition, Global Edition: Arthur J. Keown & John D Martin & J. William Petty
Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript: With jQuery, CSS & HTML5, 4th Edition: Robin Nixon
Head First Learn to Code: A Learner's Guide to Coding and Computational Thinking, 1st Edition: Eric Freeman
Learning Swift: Building Apps for macOS, iOS, and Beyond, 3rd Edition: Jonathon Manning & Paris Buttfield-Addison & Tim Nugent
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 12th Edition: Carlos Coronel & Steven Morris
Introduction to Solid Modeling Using SolidWorks, 13th Edition: William Howard & Joseph Musto
Communications Receivers: Principles and Design, 4th Edition: Ulrich Rohde & Jerry Whitaker & Hans Zahnd
Connect Core Concepts in Health, 15th Edition: Paul Insel & Walton Roth
On Course: Strategies for Creating Success in College and in Life, 8th Edition: Skip Downing
Vander's Human Physiology, 15th Edition: Eric Widmaier & Hershel Raff & Kevin Strang
Biology, 4th Edition: Robert Brooker & Eric Widmaier & Linda Graham & Peter Stiling
The Essentials of Statistics: A Tool for Social Research, 4th Edition: Joseph F. Healey
Oracle 12c: SQL, 3rd Edition: Joan Casteel
Global Business Today, 10th Edition: Charles Hill & G. Tomas M. Hult
Project Management: The Managerial Process, 7th Edition: Erik Larson & Clifford Gray
International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior, 10th Edition: Fred Luthans & Jonathan Doh
CorelDRAW X8: The Official Guide, 12th Edition: Gary David Bouton
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: An Interactive Approach, 2nd Edition: Robert Hawkes & Javed Iqbal & Firas Mansour & Marina Milner-Bolotin & Peter Williams
Programmable Logic Controllers, 5th Edition: Frank Petruzella
Foundations in Microbiology, 10th Edition: Kathleen Park Talaro & Barry Chess
Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 4th Edition: Steven Chapra
Discrete Mathematics, 8th Edition: Richard Johnsonbaugh
Bates' Pocket Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 8th Edition: Lynn S. Bickley
NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions & Classification 2018-2020, 11th Edition: T. Heather Herdman & Shigemi Kamitsuru & Heather T. Herdman
Biology: Concepts and Investigations, 4th Edition: Mariëlle Hoefnagels
Biology: Concepts and Investigations, 3rd Edition: Mariëlle Hoefnagels
Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8th Edition, Global Edition: Michael D. Johnson
Messages: Building Interpersonal Communication Skills, 5th Canadian Edition: Joseph A. DeVito & Rena Shimoni & Dawne Clark
The Interpersonal Communication Book, 14th Edition, Global Edition: Joseph A. DeVito
Computational Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1st Edition: Rudy J Richardson & Dale E Johnson & Noffisat Oki & David Faulkner
Shelly Cashman Series Microsoft Office 365 & Office 2019 Introductory, 1st Edition: Sandra Cable & Steven M. Freund & Ellen Monk & Susan L. Sebok & Joy L. Starks
The Practice of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy: Creating Connection, 2nd Edition: Susan M. Johnson
The Marriage Clinic: A Scientifically Based Marital Therapy, 1st Edition: John M. Gottman
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Couples and Families: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians, 1st Edition: Frank M. Dattilio & Aaron T. Beck
International Marketing, 17th Edition: Philip R. Cateora & John Graham & Mary C Gilly
Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry, 3rd Edition: Benjamin Sadock & Virginia Alcott Sadock
Anthropology, 14th Edition: Carol R. Ember & Melvin Ember & Peter N. Peregrine
The Men They Will Become: The Nature And Nurture Of Male Character: Eli Newberger
Accounting, 27th Edition: Carl S. Warren & James M. Reeve & Jonathan Duchac
ICD-10-CM 2019: The Complete Official Codebook, 1st Edition: American Medical Association
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition, Global Edition: Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
Early Childhood Education Today, 14th Edition: George S Morrison
Programming Bitcoin: Learn How to Program Bitcoin from Scratch, 1st Edition: Jimmy Song
The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, 4th Edition: David White & James Drummond & Clay Fuqua
Environmental Microbiology, 3rd Edition: Ian L. Pepper & Charles P. Gerba & Terry J. Gentry
Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction, 1st Edition: Michael J. Waites & Neil L. Morgan & John S. Rockey & Gary Higton
Introduction to Econometrics, Updated 3rd Edition, Global Edition: James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson
Introduction to Econometrics, 3rd Edition: James H. Stock & Mark W. Watson
Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Volume 4: Energy and Power, 4th Edition: Myer Kutz
An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics and Its Applications, 6th Edition: Richard J. Larsen & Morris L. Marx
Developmental Mathematics, 1st Edition: Robert F. Blitzer
Thinking Mathematically, 7th Edition: Robert F. Blitzer
Wardlaw's Contemporary Nutrition, 10th Edition: Anne Smith & Angela Collene
Mathematical Statistics: An Introduction to Likelihood Based Inference, 1st Edition: Richard J. Rossi
Asking the Right Questions, 11th Edition: M. Neil Browne & Stuart M. Keeley
Asking the Right Questions, 11th Edition, Global Edition: M. Neil Browne & Stuart M. Keeley
Crash Course Cardiology, 4th Edition: Antonia Churchhouse & Julian O. M. Ormerod & Michael Frenneaux
A Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits, 7th Edition: John Hornsby & Margaret L. Lial & Gary K. Rockswold
Unlocking Equity and Trusts, 5th Edition: Mohamed Ramjohn
Public Speaking: The Evolving Art, 4th Edition: Stephanie J. Coopman & James Lull
Social Psychology, 8th Edition: Michael Hogg & Graham Vaughan
Human Resources Management in Canada, 12th Canadian Edition: Gary Dessler & Nita Chhinzer & Nina Cole
Law Core Textbook Bundle: Equity and Trusts, 8th edition: Alastair Hudson
Living Ethics: An Introduction with Readings: Russ Shafer-Landau
Microsoft Project 2019 Step by Step, 1st Edition: Cindy Lewis & Carl Chatfield & Timothy Johnson
Global Business Ethics: Responsible Decision Making in an International Context, 1st Edition: Ronald D Francis & Guy Murfey
Construction Management: Theory and Practice, 1st Edition: Chris March
Harrison's Endocrinology, 4th Edition: J. Larry Jameson
Harrison's Neurology in Clinical Medicine, 4th Edition: Stephen Hauser & S. Andrew Josephson
English Grammar Workbook For Dummies with Online Practice, 3rd Edition: Geraldine Woods
Naked: The Dark Side of Shame and Moral Life, 1st Edition: Krista K. Thomason
Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery, 6th Edition: George W. Holcomb III & J. Patrick Murphy & Daniel J Ostlie
Mobile Apps Engineering: Design, Development, Security, and Testing, 1st Edition: Ghita K. Mostefaoui & Faisal Tariq
Lange Clinical Neurology, 10th Edition: Roger Simon & David Greenberg & Michael Aminoff
International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, 2 Volume Set, 4th Edition: R. A. DeFronzo & E. Ferrannini & Paul Zimmet & George Alberti
Java Programming, 9th Edition: Joyce Farrell
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology, 4th Edition: Laura Freberg
How the Immune System Works, 5th Edition: Lauren M. Sompayrac
Fundamentals of Electroceramics: Materials, Devices, and Applications, 1st Edition: R. K. Pandey
Essentials of Hospital Neurology, 1st Edition: Karl E. Misulis & E. Lee Murray
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues, 6th Edition: Judith Goodenough & Betty A. McGuire
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 13th Edition: Shlomo Melmed & Kenneth S. Polonsky & P. Reed Larsen & Henry M. Kronenberg
Financial Management: Principles and Applications, Global Edition, 13th Edition: Sheridan Titman & Arthur J. Keown & John D Martin
Case Studies in Immunology: A Clinical Companion, 7th Edition: Raif S. Geha & Luigi Notarangelo
Handbook of MRI Technique, 4th Edition: Catherine Westbrook
MRI: Basic Principles and Applications, 5th Edition: Brian M. Dale & Mark A. Brown & Richard C. Semelka
Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th Edition: Vinay Kumar & Abul K. Abbas & Jon C. Aster & Vinay Kumar & Abul K. Abbas & Jon C. Aster
Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice: 2-Volume Set, 9th Edition: Ron Walls & Robert Hockberger & Marianne Gausche-Hill
BNF for Children: 2018-2019, 1st Edition: Paediatric Formulary Committee
Sitaraman and Friedman's Essentials of Gastroenterology, 2nd Edition: Shanthi Srinivasan & Lawrence S. Friedman
Practical Gastroenterology and Hepatology Board Review Toolkit, 2nd Edition: Kenneth R. DeVault & Michael B. Wallace & Bashar A. Aqel & Keith D. Lindor
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, 2nd edition: Richard S. Sutton & Andrew G. Barto
Mega eTextbooks release thread (part-28)! Find your textbooks here between $5-$25 :)
Kindly note that the price range mentioned above is only for the books in the megathread list. Any requested books unavailable in the list can cost more, so please do not make any wrong assumptions.
If you find your book in the thread below, comment "PMed" below and then send your request by clicking here (expect super quick replies).
Don't mention the title of the book in comments section, please
Almost all the books are in their latest editions and some of them are available in multiple editions too
All the payments would be upfront and accepted payment modes are PayPal/BTC/ETH/LTC. Gift cards can also be accepted in special cases
Books are delivered through Google-Drive or Dropbox links within a few minutes/seconds of payment
You can also send requests via email/Google-Hangouts request/Skype request to [email protected] for faster communication
If you don't find the book in the list, you can send your new request to the mod by clicking here
If you want solution manuals/testbanks, you can also request them to the mod by clicking here
Please subscribe the sub to find all the latest textbook releases
Also, upvote the megathread if you found it useful
Thousands of students have already been helped. Here is the proof
Please find the list below:
Disease Gene Identification: Methods and Protocols, 2nd Edition: Johanna K. DiStefano
Statistical Aspects of the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 3rd Edition: Basil Jarvis
Revel for Social Problems, 14th Edition: Stanley Eitzen & Maxine Baca Zinn & Kelly Ei Smith
Fundamentals of Human Resource Management: Pearson New International Edition, 3rd Edition: Gary Dessler
Economics Today: The Micro View, 18th Edition: Roger LeRoy Miller
Employment Law for Business, 8th Edition: Dawn Bennett-Alexander & Laura Hartman
Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics: The Anatomic Approach, 5th Edition: Stanley Hoppenfeld & Piet de Boer & Richard Buckley
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Cryptocurrency exchanges process over $20 billion in trade volume per day. Most of the transactions are going through centralized exchanges, where the users need to fully trust them for managing their assests and transactions. However, the risk of trusting these centralized exchanges has also been seen. For example, QuadrigaCX, which was the largest cryptocurrency exchange in Canada, lost $19 million of their customers' assets [1]. Decentralized Exchanges (DEXes) have been introduced to address this problem -- they allow traders to purchase and sell cryptocurrencies in a peer-to-peer manner, so no involvement of any trusted party is required. Atomic Swap is one of the promising technology for implementing a DEX. While it enables pure peer to peer trading, it also introduces problems such as unfairness and long confirmation latency. While existing work [2] has provided a solution towards a fair atomic swap protocol, the issue of long confirmation latency is inherent. Another promising direction is leveraging liquidity pools. With liquidity pools, pairs of assets are reserved for trading. For any pair of assets supported by the liquidity pool, traders can exchange their assets without any third party. As traders can only perform the transactions if there are reserved assets, one core problem is how to attract liquidity providers to provide liquidity by reserving assets. It is not difficult to see that incentive [3,4], which has been a key component of all permissionless blockchains, can be equipped to incentivize liqudity providers. However, flawed incentive designs will lead to attacks and other concerns [5-13]. There are two main types of incentive designs, namely "trans-fee mining" and "liquidity mining". They are different from the Proof-of-X mining in blockchains for reaching consensus (a detailed analysis can be found in the survey [14]). Rather, they are used to incentivise users to join the ecosystem. "Trans-fee mining" was proposed by FCoin in 2018 [15]. With FCoin, each time a transaction is created, 100% of its transaction fee will be returned in FCoin token to the payer as a reward. This is one incentive design to encourage traders to join the system. However, as FCoin may have no value to the trader, FCoin also introduces extra reward to all coin holders -- 80% of the transaction fee in its native currency (such as ETH) will be distributed to all coin holders. So, traders are incentivized to join the system, becoming a holder of FCoin token, and obtaining a share of the transaction fee of every transaction in the FCoin ecosystem. While this had successful attracted traders, it is not sustainable. Rather than charging a trader to perform transactions, FCoin rewards traders. Profit-driven traders will create transactions at full speed to earn FCoin token and the share as a token holder. Indeed, the trading volume of FCoin was the top one among all exchange services, and the daily reward can be as high as 6000 BTC [16]. However, once all coins are minted, then the system would lose liveness as there is not enough supply to be distributed. "Liquidity mining" aims at giving reward to the liquidity providers rather than the traders. There are different ways to implement liquidity mining. Compound [17] is a famous example of protocols deploying liquidity mining. With Compound, users become a liquidity provider by supply assets to a pool and obtain interests for its contribution (similar to depositing money into a bank). Liquidity providers first reserve some assets in the pool and obtain "cToken" of Compound which entitles the owner to an increasing quantity of the underlying asset. Users can use their "cToken" to borrow different assets available on the Compound and pay some interests to Compund. The borrowers may have some quick gains through the financial games [18]. Both borrowers and liquidity providers can withdraw their asset by trading them back with "cToken". Oners of "cToken" can also manage the business direction and decisions of Compound through weighted voting. The potential concern here is that rich users might be able to take over the control of the system. Uniswap [19] is another popular DEX deploying liquidity mining. Uniswap incentivizes liquidity providers by giving them a share of the earned transaction fees. In particular, Uniswap changes each transaction a 0.3% fee, where 0.25% will be distributed to the liquidity providers, and 0.05% will go to the Uniswap account. One issue is how to incentivize traders. With Uniswap, traders are incentivized by the potential profit it can gain through the price difference between Uniswap and other exchanges. Uniswap price oracle is based on a constant function market makers [20,21], where the product of the number of reserved tokens is a constant. For example, if Uniswap has a pair of X token A and Y token B, then when a user using X' token A to buy Y' token B, the product of the reserved number of tokens should remain the same, i.e., XY = (X+X')(Y-Y'). The price of Uniswap (V1) is also defined in this way. This allows traders to speculate in the exchange market as the asset price on Uniswap is changed dynamically and is different from other exchanges. This, on the other hand, may have a security risk as the price can be easily manipulated. Uniswap (V2) fixed this problem by taking an accumulated price over a period of time [22]. However, as speculation/manipulation becomes harder, the trading volume may decrease. MiniSwap [23] introduces a hybrid model (a mixture of "trans-fee mining" and "liquidity mining") to address the above issues. MiniSwap provides three types of rewards. For each trade with transaction fee f ETH in MiniSwap, a number of MiniSwap tokens (called MINI) worth 2f ETH will be minted. A (parameterized) portion of the tokens are given to the trader, and the rest are distribued to the liqudity providers. The transaction fee (f ETH) is used to exchange MINI in the liquidity pool. 50% of the obtained MINI will be distributed to all MINI holders, and the other 50% will be destroyed. In this way, both traders and liquidity providers are incentivized to join the ecosystem. Recall that with FCoin, there is a problem when all coins are minted. MiniSwap has an upper bound (of 500,000 tokens) on the number of tokens can be created every day, and this limit reduces every month until a point where the limit (18,000 tokens) remains unchanged. This guarantees the sustainability of the system as the mining process can last for 100 years. The parameterized ratio of tokens as the reward to the trader and liquidity provider can also strengthen sustainability. It enables the system to dynamically balance the incentive of different parties in the system to make it more sustainable. Overall, the MiniSwap hybrid model has taken the benefit of both "trans-fee mining" model and "liquidity mining" model, while eliminated the potential concerns. Formally defining and analyzing these models, e.g. through the game-theoretic approach [24], would be an interesting direction. Reference [1] The Guardian, Cryptocurrency investors locked out of $190m after exchange founder dies, 2019. [2] Runchao Han, Haoyu Lin, Jiangshan Yu. On the optionality and fairness of Atomic Swaps, ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, 2019. [3] Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system [4] Jiangshan Yu, David Kozhaya, Jeremie Decouchant, and Paulo Verissimo. Repucoin: your reputation is your power. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2019. [5] Joseph Bonneau. Why Buy When You Can Rent? - Bribery Attacks on Bitcoin-Style Consensus. Financial Cryptography and Data Security - International Workshops on BITCOIN, VOTING, and WAHC, 2016. [6] Yujin Kwon, Hyoungshick Kim, Jinwoo Shin, and Yongdae Kim. Bitcoin vs. Bitcoin Cash: Coexistence or Downfall of Bitcoin Cash, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 2019. [7] Kevin Liao and Jonathan Katz. Incentivizing blockchain forks via whale transactions. International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2017. [8] Ayelet Sapirshtein, Yonatan Sompolinsky, and Aviv Zohar. Optimal Selfish Mining Strategies in Bitcoin. Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2016. [9] Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer. Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable. Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2014. [10] Ittay Eyal. The Miner’s Dilemma. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2015. [11] Miles Carlsten, Harry A. Kalodner, S. Matthew Weinberg, and Arvind Narayanan. On the Instability of Bitcoin Without the Block Reward. ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2016. [12] Kartik Nayak, Srijan Kumar, Andrew Miller, and Elaine Shi. Stubborn mining: generalizing selfish mining and combining with an eclipse attack. IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2016. [13] Runchao Han, Zhimei Sui, Jiangshan Yu, Joseph K. Liu, Shiping Chen. Sucker punch makes you richer: Rethinking Proof-of-Work security model, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch, 2019. [14] Christopher Natoli, Jiangshan Yu, Vincent Gramoli, Paulo Jorge Esteves Veríssimo. Deconstructing Blockchains: A Comprehensive Survey on Consensus, Membership and Structure. CoRR abs/1908.08316, 2019. [15] FCoin, https://www.fcoin.pro [16] The Block Crypto. Cryptocurrency exchange Fcoin expects to default on as much as $125M of users' bitcoin, 2020. [17] Compound, https://compound.finance. [18] Philip Daian, Steven Goldfeder, Tyler Kell, Yunqi Li, Xueyuan Zhao, Iddo Bentov, Lorenz Breidenbach, Ari Juels. Flash Boys 2.0: Frontrunning, Transaction Reordering, and Consensus Instability in Decentralized Exchanges. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2020. [19] Uniswap. https://uniswap.org [20] Bowen Liu, Pawel Szalachowski. A First Look into DeFi Oracles. CoRR abs/2005.04377, 2020. [21] Guillermo Angeris, Tarun Chitra. Improved Price Oracles: Constant Function Market Makers, CoRR abs/ 2003.10001, 2020. [22] Uniswap V2.0 whitepaper. https://uniswap.org/whitepaper.pdf [23] MiniSwap. https://www.miniswap.org [24] Ziyao Liu, Nguyen Cong Luong, Wenbo Wang, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, Ying-Chang Liang, Dong In Kim. A Survey on Blockchain: A Game Theoretical Perspective. IEEE Access, 2019.
The fundamentals of bitcoin as an asset exist and they are stupider than you can imagine
tldr; tldr; Hodling is deflationary and all those wild price swings from bitcoin are changes in the fundamental value of bitcoin. Really. tldr; Imagine there is a market where $100 worth of goods are sold every day using 100 bitcoins which cycle around. Then each bitcoin would be worth $1. Now suppose that 50 of the bitcoins were being held in anticipation of growing in value so only 50 bitcoins were cycling each day. For all the goods in the market to be sold every day each bitcoin will now be worth $2. Introduction There has been a lot of discussion about what the fundamental value of bitcoin is. The consensus view in this subreddit is that the fundamental value is zero. I argue in this post that the fundamental value of bitcoin is whatever the price is right now, or a something close to it. This is because the fundamentals of bitcoin are stupid. Unimaginably stupid. Bitcoin as Currency Bitcoin is a terrible currency compared to normal statist filthy fiat. Bitcoins are often permanently lost due to hacking or easily made mistakes. Transactions take considerable time to be confirmed. The price is highly volatile. But this post isn’t going into those issues in depth. There is little evidence for mainstream Bitcoin use. A report by Morgan Stanley on the acceptance of Bitcoin from online retailers found that only 3 out of the 500 online retailers tracked accepted Bitcoin payments, a decrease from 5 in the previous year. The report concluded: “Bitcoin acceptance is virtually zero and shrinking”. The number of transaction on darknet markets is large. On darknet markets users buy illegal products using cryptocurrencies (not just Bitcoin). Due to their illegal nature, it is impossible to know the exact value of transactions that take place on them. Between February 2011 and July 2013 the darknet market Silk Road had 1,229,465 transactions comprising 9,519,644 bitcoins in revenue. Darknet markets, along with ransomware payments are the only uses where there is evidence of a substantial number of bitcoin transactions taking place. To work at scale darknet markets require cryptocurrency to pay for goods on sale. The anonymous nature of cryptocurrency allows transactions to take place without the buyer or the seller knowing anything about each other (although if a buyer has drugs mailed to them the seller will know who they are). If darknet markets used another form of payment then law enforcement could buy something and then track both the money going to the seller and the commission paid to the darknet market. It isn’t true as many people have claimed that nothing backs bitcoin. Bitcoin is backed by darknet markets. There are a few kinds of people who buy bitcoin and want to spend it. They include drug buyers, those who need to pay off ransomware, money launders, fraudsters, and a few others but for simplicity’s sake I will just call them drug buyers. Likewise, there are a few types of people who sell products for bitcoin but again for simplicity’s sake I will call them drug sellers. Non-circularity Bitcoin is a currency with a property that I call non-circularity. With Actual Money, when I buy something in a shop, the money I paid with goes towards the wages of the staff, rent and the products themselves among other expenses. This money then flows on to others. When a drug seller receives bitcoin in exchange for their drugs they can’t use the bitcoin to pay for their groceries or to pay their rent. They must exchange the bitcoin for filthy fiat to buy food. The inability to use bitcoin for further purchases means it is a non-circular currency. Bitcoin is a medium of a medium of exchange. A full bitcoin transaction thus consists of three parts:
A drug buyer goes to a bitcoin exchange to get bitcoin in exchange for filthy fiat
The drug buyer goes to the DNM to exchange bitcoin for drugs from the drug seller
The drug seller goes to the bitcoin exchange to get filthy fiat in exchange for bitcoin
An exchange is any place which matches buyers and sellers of bitcoin. This includes online exchanges like Coinbase as well as LocalBitcoins which matches people for face to face transactions. As nobody receives bitcoin for payment except drug dealers, the only place for drug buyers to get bitcoin is an exchange. The extreme volatility of bitcoin means that drug buyers and sellers try to complete the process as quickly as possible and avoid holding onto bitcoin. Perfect Price Unstickiness For normal currencies prices are sticky. That means that nominal prices do not respond quickly to changing economic conditions. In contrast bitcoin has what I call perfect price unstickiness so the price of goods in bitcoin changes almost perfectly to changes in the value of bitcoin. This is because prices for items which can be bought with bitcoin are never actually set in bitcoin, probably due to the high volatility. Instead they are set in fiat. The amount in fiat can either be listed directly, so $US50 for these drugs, or the price can be listed in the converted amount of bitcoin, 0.005BTC if 1 BTC = $US10,000. Changes in the price of bitcoin on exchanges are instantly reflected in the prices of drugs in bitcoins on darknet markets. Hodling Another feature of bitcoin that should be considered is that people hodl bitcoin. The word comes from a typo of ‘hold’. Bitcoin is often bought on exchanges not for use as a currency to buy drugs, but as an asset in expectation of a price rise. Hodlers are the third type of user of bitcoin along with drug buyers and drug sellers. Although they don’t use it. What’s the difference between an asset that is held and one that is hodled? This is admittedly vague, but an asset is hodled if it is being held, it can be held for long periods at low costs, it can but isn’t generating any income and there are no plans to generate income from it soon. Cash under the mattress is being hodled, cash in my wallet that I am going to buy stuff with soon is not. Money in my bank account is generating income and so is not hodled. Bitcoin held in anticipation of price rises is being hodled. Bitcoin bought to buy drugs but which has not been used yet is not. Gold stored in a vault is being hodled, gold used for electronics purposes is not (jewellery is a harder case). A vacant block of land with no plans to develop it or use it for anything is being hodled but one that is soon going to have an apartment block built on it is not. Commodities can be held and do not generate income until sold but it is expensive to hold most commodities for long periods of time. This prevents most commodities from being hodled. Velocity The velocity of money is the average number of times a unit of fiat changes hands in a period. You can skip the next three paragraphs as they are a little annoying and you can get by without them. Just know that I am defining the velocity of bitcoin as what the velocity of bitcoin would be if no bitcoin was being hodled. Due to hodling, the velocity of bitcoin under the conventional definition can vary wildly. Consider two cases. Both have 100 bitcoins, 100 transactions a day and all non-hodled bitcoins are spent each day. The first has no hodled bitcoins, the second 50 hodled bitcoins. The first has a velocity of bitcoin of 1 transaction per day, the second is 0.5 per day. I want a definition of velocity of bitcoin that is not impacted by changes in hodling. I did consider doing this analysis through changes in velocity but the final formula is easier to understand if we find a definition of velocity of bitcoin that is independent of the level of hodling. The definition that achieves this is (Length of Time)/(Average length of time to complete transaction). When there is no hodling the two definitions agree but the new definition is unchanged by any rise or fall in the level of hodling, which is what we need. From this point on when I refer to the velocity of bitcoin I am referring to the second definition. The actual time to complete a bitcoin transaction seems to be over a week. In an interview one vendor claimed that it took one week for the bitcoin to be released from escrow and longer to convert it to actual money. Intuitive argument Assume that the amount of drugs sold on darknet markets changes little from week to week. If the price of bitcoin doubles over the week then the number of bitcoins flowing through the darknet markets will halve. So where have the bitcoins gone? Drug buyers and sellers don’t have them. The only option is hodlers. In fact, it was the hodlers buying the bitcoins that caused the price to change. Formula The conventional formula for the relationship between velocity of money (V), nominal amount of money (M), price level (P) and real economic activity (Q) is V*M = P*Q I am going to change that equation slightly so it now concerns the velocity of bitcoin (V), the total number of bitcoins (M), the price level of bitcoin (P), the total value in fiat of all economic transactions (Q) and the proportion of bitcoins that are hodled (h). If h*M bitcoins are being hodled then there are (1-h)*M bitcoins being used in economic transactions. The new equation is V*(1-h)*M = P*Q Next we isolate P: P = V*(1-h)*M/Q If the price level changes from 1 to 1.1 that means that there has been 10% inflation over the period and that the value of bitcoin has fallen. To find the value of a single bitcoin we have to take the reciprocal of P and that gives a formula for the true value of bitcoin: 1/P = Q/[V*(1-h)*M] In the rest of the post when I write the price of bitcoin I mean the price bitcoin sells for on exchanges. I establish in the next section that this price must be close to the true value of bitcoin. Equilibrium This section uses the flow of bitcoin model established earlier. We assume no activity from hodlers and that economic users do not hodl bitcoin (not true but it simplifies and does not hurt the model). Furthermore, we assume that all activity on the bitcoin exchanges happens, then all activity on the darknet markets happens. Drug sellers sell their bitcoin to drug buyers, then drug buyers use the bitcoin to buy drugs on the darknet markets. Neither the exchanges or the darknet markets charge commissions. I use specific numbers but my reasoning is easily generalizable. To establish why the equation is true we must consider what happens if the actual price is higher or lower than the price given by the formula. First let us suppose that the price is lower than the price predicted by the formula. Over the time period of a day suppose that Q = 100 (so $100 worth of transactions a day), V = 1 (transactions take a day), M = 100 (100 bitcoins) and h = 0.5 (50 bitcoins are hodled). This gives a predicted price of $2. Suppose the price is instead $1. Every day there are $100 worth of drugs available to be sold and buyers willing to buy $100 worth of drugs. At a price of $1 and with only 50 bitcoins available for economic use each day that means that only $50 worth of drugs can be sold. This would drop Q to 50 and immediately correct the equation. However, there are buyers and sellers who want more drug dealing than that. Some buyers are not going to be able to get their drugs given the current price. Some of them will be willing to pay higher prices for bitcoin to guarantee they can have their drugs. Suppose that the drug sellers have 50 bitcoins (hodlers also have 50). They want to sell their 50 bitcoins to drug buyers on an exchange. Some drug buyers then bid the price of bitcoin up to $1.10 (for example). This benefits other drug buyers as now $55 worth of drug transactions can take place each day. In this way, the price will be bid up to $2, the equilibrium price. If the price is $1 and the drug buyers have the 50 bitcoins then they will spend the bitcoins to buy $50 worth of drugs and then we are in the situation above. Now suppose the reverse happens and the actual price is higher than the predicted price. Let the actual price be $4, with all the same example values from the previous example, so the predicted price is $2. On the exchange drug sellers have 50 bitcoins worth $200 to sell. Drug buyers want to buy $100 worth of bitcoin. At this price only 25 bitcoins are sold. To ensure they sell more of their bitcoin, drug buyers bid down the price. If the price does not immediately reach $2 then the left-over bitcoins will be held by the drug sellers until the next day when the price will be bid down again. The drug sellers holding bitcoin for a few extra days is not the same as hodling because they are actively trying to sell them on an exchange but they haven’t because the price isn’t in equilibrium. They could instead decide to sell only 25 bitcoins and hodl the other 25. This would raise h to 0.75 and the price would be in equilibrium again. Now suppose that the drug buyers have 50 bitcoins and the price is $4. Then $100 worth of drugs are bought with 25 bitcoins. The drug sellers will not be able to sell their bitcoin as drug buyers already have enough bitcoin to buy the next round of drugs they want. The drug buyers spend their last 25 bitcoin and drug sellers now have 50 bitcoins and the situation is as above. In conclusion, the price of Bitcoin is fundamentally determined by speculators and brought into equilibrium by criminals. Inflows and Outflows of Hodling The previous section treated the level of hodling as constant, except when drug buyers or sellers decide to hodl extra bitcoins that are in their possession. Now we will treat the amount of hodled bitcoins as changing. The next topic to consider is the relationship between filthy fiat spent to hodl bitcoins and the bitcoin price. To calculate how much it costs to raise the hodl ratio from 0 to h we assume that the bitcoins are bought continuously. We integrate the function Q/[M*V*(1-t/M)] between 0 and h*M. The result is (Q/V)ln[1/(1-h)]. To double the price of bitcoin by taking h from 0 to 0.5 will cost (Q/V)ln(2). In fact, it will always cost this amount to double the price of bitcoin as we can see by finding the difference between the total value of hodled bitcoin when we consider hodling levels of h and (h+1)/2. This means that the price of bitcoin rises exponentially when a constant amount of new money buys bitcoin to hodl. I would illustrate this with a log-scale graph but I don’t know where to find one. It also means that the market capitalisation of a cryptocurrency gives very little idea about how much the cryptocurrency is worth. It is an impossibility for all hodlers to receive the Actual Money that they think their bitcoin is worth. Volatility People hoping to get rich and their buying and selling bitcoin is what causes bitcoin’s extreme volatility. Theoretically this could be stopped if there was a bank where hodlers could deposit their bitcoins and earn interest. However, for this to work would require the existence of a bitcoin bank which is not a Ponzi which seems like an unlikely outcome. Hodling Gold A quick digression into gold, but I suspect someone has already thought of what follows. We can consider gold like a conventional commodity with conventional supply and demand curves (the real world for all commodities is more complicated but this is going to be quick). But people also hodl gold. If hodlers decide to buy $100 million worth of gold produced in the year, then that will change the equilibrium price. The new price is such that the difference between the quantity demanded by non-hodlers and the quantity supplied at that price multiplied by the price is 100 million. If the overall level of hodling declines then the reverse happens. The hodlers sell an amount of gold, that amount is the difference between the amount supplied and demanded. The hodlers earn that amount multiplied by the new lower price. (I assumed people bought a fiat amount of gold and sold a volume of gold to make things easier). Without another hodler to take on the gold or an improvement in market conditions, the hodlers are guaranteed a loss. To make a profit hodling gold you need there to be hodlers to sell it on to (or an improvement in the underlying factors). It follows that all the gold hodled in the world today cannot be sold without causing the fundamentals of gold to collapse. With 40% of the gold produced in 2017 being hodled this will eventually become a significant issue. Full Reserve Banking Another place where we can consider the impact of hodling is full reserve banking. It is a form of banking where banks are required to have cash on hand equal to the full amount in all demand deposit accounts. The bank does not lend this money. This contrasts with the present system where banks are only required to have a certain fraction of this amount on hand, called fractional reserve banking. Money in a fractional reserve bank account is not being hodled (or is, but to a more limited degree) as it is being lent on to other people and it is generating income for the depositor. Deposits under full reserve banking are hodling. They are like cash stuffed under a mattress but have better security. In a recession people increase their saving rates. Much of this additional saving will be in liquid assets because of fears of economic trouble. This rise in deposits under full reserve is an increase in hodled cash which then causes deflation. This is a big problem in a recession. (Somebody else has probably already made this observation). Velocity and Value Consider the equation of bitcoin’s value again. Notice that the value increases when V decreases. Which means that the length of time to complete a transaction has increased. Bitcoin is an asset and a currency and its value as an asset increases as the length of time it takes to complete a transaction increases. This is a minor bit of stupidity which surprised me but seems obvious in retrospect as if bitcoins take longer to be processed then they must be worth more so that all transactions can happen. (This is assuming that a decrease in V does not also cause a decrease in Q which might be caused by drug buyers and sellers switching to a different cryptocurrency). Hodler Behavior With one exception which I might make in another post I make no assumptions about hodler behaviour. I think they are buying and selling with no rational basis. But there are two rational reasons why someone would expect the price of bitcoin to rise: increased economic activity using the cryptocurrency in the darknet markets or an increased level of hodling in the future. The DNM is an actual economic activity but due to its illegality knowing anything about the amounts involved is impossible for almost everyone as is predicting their trends. Future hodling levels are also impossible to predict, unless you run a pump and dump. We can’t expect any sort of rational behavior from hodlers. Nakamoto Scheme Preston Byrne developed the concept of a Nakamoto Scheme to describe cryptocurrencies because of how they differed from Ponzis and pyramid schemes. While bitcoin has been frequently called a Ponzi or pyramid scheme it is clearly something different. There are no “dividends” paid or any sort of organised structure. There are similarities, notably early adopters make their money at the expense of later adopters. Like in pyramid schemes hodlers try to convince new people to join in. It is best to consider bitcoin as a type of asset which is uniquely suited for a pump and dump. When hodlers buy bitcoin, and encourage others to do the same (the pump) the fundamental price of bitcoin really is raised by these actions which helps the pump. To add to Byrne’s work, we should put the properties of cryptocurrency assets at the centre of the scheme. A Nakamoto scheme works like this: first create a cryptocurrency and keep most of it for yourself. Then release it and try to get as many other people hodling as possible and try to get the darknet markets to adopt it (I’m looking at you Monero). This increases the fundamental value of the asset. Then dump your hodlings. Pocket the actual money. This is probably legal right now. But I’m not a law-knowing person. For the hodler the Nakamoto scheme is like going to a party. You arrive and leave later on. If there are more people at the party when you leave compared to when you arrived then you’ve made a profit. There is also drug dealing going on at the party. The change in the level of drug dealing also impacts your profits. You have to try and get more people to come to the party and be careful of everyone else at the party who have the exact same incentives as you. It is a weird new form of scam. Lower bound on price While the price of bitcoin can theoretically be infinitely high there is a lower bound on the price when the hodling ratio is zero. For given levels of Q, V and M the value of bitcoin can never go below Q/[V*M] (the highest possible price for bitcoin is when 1 satoshi is equal to the value of a transaction). Some bitcoins have been permanently lost due to people losing their wallet keys or bitcoins being sent to the wrong address. If we suppose that H is the proportion of coins that have been permanently lost then the actual lower bound is Q/[V*(1-H)*M]. Note that a hodler losing their coins does not change the present fundamental value of bitcoin. What could cause bitcoin’s price to go lower? Besides a mass hodler sell-off the obvious reason is a permanent decline in Q. What could cause this? Law enforcement have successfully shut down many darknet markets but others have replaced them quickly. What could really hurt darknet markets is increased government scrutiny of exchanges. When governments realise that bitcoin has no use beyond criminal transactions and speculation they might decide to treat every bitcoin transaction as inherently suspicious and regulate exchanges heavily. This will make bitcoin much harder to use for criminal transactions and thus greatly decrease Q and the value of bitcoin. Previous work This post is not entirely original. Satoshi himself said that if a bitcoin user wanted to give a donation to everyone else then they should delete the keys to their wallet and increase the value of everybody else’s bitcoins. I realised that someone who hodled a bitcoin would temporarily have the same effect. More significantly Joseph C Wang came up with a formula very similar to mine. A significant difference is that he thought increased economic activity with bitcoin would not cause an increase in bitcoin’s value but an increase in its velocity. My model has nominal prices of drugs in bitcoin falling when Q increases. Wang has prices remaining the same and the velocity of bitcoin increasing to handle the extra transactions. I developed my formula before I became aware of Wang’s work. Further Topics This post is over 4000 words so I have not gone into depth on a few subjects like the costs of block rewards (higher than you think), shocks like darknet market shutdowns, why bitcoin can’t fall to a liquidity trap, how to value a cryptocurrency that isn’t being used for economic transactions and why it makes sense that bitcoin and bcash had a higher combined value at the time of the fork compared to bitcoin alone. If there is demand I’ll put together a second post which will cover these issues.
Entering The Crypto Realm – A Big Career Move, Facebook Caused Ripples In Cryptocurrency Supervision
On the afternoon of June 18, Facebook announced that it will launch the cryptocurrency – Libra, which made a splash in both the digital market and the world’s financial system. This article will make an introduction about the third largest initiative “Libra”. What is Libra? How to Get it? Data shows that Facebook has more than 2.7 billion global users. With such a huge user base and influence, Libra has been hailed as the third largest pioneer in the cryptocurrency realm right after Bitcoin in 2009 and Ethereum in 2013. So what exactly is Libra? Just like the white paper’s prologue reads, Libra’s mission is to enable a simple global currency and financial infrastructure that empowers billions of people. Libra is designed to be a stable digital cryptocurrency that will be fully backed by a reserve of real assets — the Libra Reserve — and supported by a competitive network of exchanges buying and selling Libra. According to the white paper, for new Libra coins to be created, there must be an equivalent purchase of Libra for fiat and transfer of that fiat to the reserve. That said, in this blockchain system, a Libra point is equal to 1 US dollar, and the price is stable. Members of the Libra Association This means that Libra is not created for profit, but rather to convert a currency into a more "stable" currency. For example, a traveler can directly exchange his fiat currency for LC (Libra Coin), then use it to shop directly, meanwhile, the tokens can be converted to any other fiat currency at an ultra-low fee rate. Similar to a low-rate, borderless payment system. It can be foreseen that there are three application scenarios of LC (Libra Coin), the cross-border remittances; Libra-based payment; specific online payment, including virtual goods, e-commerce, reading, entertainment, music, etc. Libra Makes Payment in Backward Countries Easier In countries and regions where electronic payments are lagging behind, Libra may become a more convenient and less expensive payment and transfer tool. Libra's official website uses a set of data to portray their vision: At present, 31% of the world's population (1.7 billion people) do not have bank accounts. They have to pay more than $4 per month for financial services. Traditional cross-border transfers are also cumbersome and take an average of 3-5 business days to complete. Using the cash, up to $40 billion in cash are stolen or robbed in a year… The emergence of Libra will change everything, cause it combines the features of traditional finance and blockchain finance of stable value, fast transaction, expandability, and security. Since Libra's vision is great, then how to get it as an ordinary investor? Facebook said Libra will be acquired through an e-wallet app called "Calibra". By using this app, users will be able to trade with anyone in the world, even without a bank. Technical Advancement Or A Wolf In Sheep’s Clothing The widely report of Libra has attracted giants of various industries, in which most of them expressed the affirmation of Libra’s technology, while some hold different grounds. Wang Xing, CEO of Meituan directly attacked: “Facebook’s strategy of marketing Libra is very clear, that is, to gradually replace the currency systems of 200 weak countries in the world and to bow to or conspire with a few powerful countries”. Luo Mei, Associate Professor of the School of Economics and Management of Tsinghua University, also pointed out that Libra may pose a threat to the relatively weak financial system. Ma Huateng (also known as Pony Ma), CEO of Tencent, said insipidly: “The technology is mature and is not difficult, what really matters is the permission of regulations”. Sogou CEO Wang Xiaochuan bluntly said that Facebook's leading digital currency plan marks the arrival of Web 3.0, "the world will change due to Facebook", he added. Zhou Hongyi, the co-founder, CEO, and chairman of Qihoo 360, said: “n the future, many government powers will be taken away by Internet companies... Zuckerberg will establish an online country with billions of population”. Of course, there are different remarks. Ethereum co-founder Joseph Lubin slammed Libra as a centralized wolf in a decentralized sheepskin. Regulatory Impacts Cryptographic currencies are important in emerging markets and are often highly regulated in developed countries. Just as Pony Ma remarked, “what really matters is the permission of regulations”. National regulators have different opinions on Libra. Three European central bankers of Britain, France and Germany said Facebook should expect scrutiny on Libra to ensure it will not jeopardize the financial system or be used to launder money. Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of England said the U.K. central bank would scrutinize Facebook’s crypto payments plan “very closely” and will collaborate with global forces including G7 countries, the Bank of International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund as well as the Financial Stability Board; Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell stated his company will likely be wanting rigorously at Libra; The US House Financial Services Committee said it would hold a hearing to learn about the Libra plan. Besides, major banks in various countries have also expressed their views on Libra: The Bank of Japan, the Bank of Italy, the Bank for International Settlements, and Societe Generale of France all expressed concerns about the risks that Libra project may pose to the financial system. Anthony Healy, National Australia Bank’s (NAB – one of Australia’s ‘big four’ banks) business banking head commented: ”They’re not the first company to launch a crypto payment solution, but they do have immense reach obviously through their Facebook platform. With a billion plus users on its platform, it is clearly a threat.” Prior to this, Gemini had already issued GUSD and JPMorgan Chase & Co had issued JPMcoin, both of them had triggered a ton of mixed reactions, but as of today, neither of them has caused great ripples in the global payment system. Facebook has already entered the cryptocurrency realm, but there are still doubts and objections about Facebook's globalization and borderless cryptocurrency program. Let’s wait and see how Libra develops and if it can meet Facebook’s expectations. Website: https://www.58ex.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/coin.58COIN Twitter: https://twitter.com/58_coin Telegram: https://t.me/official58
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So that could give bitcoin a price of $8 million dollars, so $1 million dollars is even a discount to where bitcoin could eventually go. When it gets there, who knows,” Altucher explained in an interview on Thursday. Over the past two months, the cryptocurrency market has seen the bitcoin price double, rallying from $4,200 to $8,600. The price of bitcoin has fallen almost 8% to $11,793 over the past day, after piercing the $13,000 mark early on Wednesday. Bitcoin prices have more than tripled since the beginning of this year. Bitcoin (BTC) is a new USD. According to Mr. Wang, Bitcoin can’t be challenged by altcoins in terms of value, utility or demand. Despite not considering himself a Bitcoin (BTC) maximalist, he is sure that the crypto king has enough power to raise its dominance to 90% by the end of the ongoing market depression. Coinbase is a secure platform that makes it easy to buy, sell, and store cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and more. Based in the USA, Coinbase is available in over 30 countries worldwide. Bitcoin Price API. If you are trying to do interesting things with bitcoin price data, you shouldn't have to be concerned with the low-level details of how to obtain that data, or the particular JSON structures that it comes in.
Bitcoin (BTC) price analysis prepared by BNC's Josh Olszewicz. The Bitcoin (BTC) market cap is currently US$163.8 billion, with US$7.46 billion traded in the past 24 hours. The current spot price ... BITCOIN SETUP FOR HUUUGE BULL RALLY?!! 💰Crypto Analysis TA Today & BTC Cryptocurrency Price News Now - Duration: 13:38. Crypto Kirby Trading 13,908 views 13:38 There is a massive opportunity in Bitcoin & Litecoin in my opinion. The key is to anticipate accumulation areas that you are comfortable when it comes to Bitcoin price and Litecoin price. Joseph James 1,830,800 views. ... Tim Draper predicts the price of bitcoin after the halving! - Duration: 49:17. ... Robert Kiyosaki and Jeff Wang - Duration: 35:04. Joseph Wang, Founder of CryptoHWwallet.com the crypto hardware wallet superstore, joins Juan Galt's show with deals on the top Bitcoin hardware wallets. Joseph shares how he joined the Bitcoin ...
