Chien-Shiung Wu (simplified Chinese: 吴健雄; traditional Chinese: 吳健雄; pinyin: Wú Jiànxióng, May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-born American experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the field of nuclear physics. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, where she helped develop the process for separating uranium metal into uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which contradicted the hypothetical law of conservation of parity. This discovery resulted in her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang winning the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics, and also earned Wu the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978. Her expertise in experimental physics evoked comparisons to Marie Curie. Her nicknames include "the First Lady of Physics", "the Chinese Madame Curie", and the "Queen of Nuclear Research".[1]Source
Charles Kuen Kao,[1] GBM,[6] KBE,[7] FRS,[8] FREng[9] (born 4 November 1933) is a Chinese-born Hong Kong, American and British electrical engineer and physicist who pioneered in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao, known as the "Godfather of Broadband",[10] "Father of Fiber Optics"[11][12][13][14][15] or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications",[16][17] was jointly awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".[18] Kao holds multiple citizenship of Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States.[10]Source
Qian Xuesen (simplified Chinese: 钱学森; traditional Chinese: 錢學森; pinyin: Qián Xuésēn; Wade–Giles: Ch'ien Hsüeh-sên) (11 December 1911 – 31 October 2009) was a Chinese scientist who made important contributions to the missile and space programs of both the United States and China. The name he used while in the United States was Hsue-Shen Tsien or H.S. Tsien.[1]Source
During the 1940s Qian was one of the founders of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory[2] at the California Institute of Technology. During the Second Red Scare of the 1950s, the United States government accused Qian of having communist sympathies, and he was stripped off his security clearance[3] in 1950. Qian then decided to return to China, but instead was detained at Terminal Island[4] near Los Angeles. After spending 5 years under virtual house arrest,[5] Qian was released in 1955, in exchange for the repatriation of American pilots captured during the Korean War. Notified by U.S. authorities that he was free to go, Qian immediately arranged his departure, leaving for China in September 1955, on the passenger liner SS President Cleveland of American President Lines, via Hong Kong.[6] He returned to lead the Chinese rocket program, and became known as the "Father of Chinese Rocketry" (or "King of Rocketry").[7][8]
Qian became the subject of five years of secret diplomacy and negotiation between the U.S. and China. During this time he lived under constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any research (classified) duties.[5] During his incarceration, Qian received support from his colleagues at Caltech, including the institute's president Lee DuBridge, who flew to Washington to argue Qian's case. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Cooper to defend Qian. The ban on Qian's leaving was lifted on 4 August 1955[6] and Qian resigned from Caltech shortly thereafter. Qian departed from Los Angeles aboard the Grover Cleveland in September 1955 amidst rumors that this was a swap for 11 U.S. airmen held captive by China since the end of the Korean War.[25]
Tu Youyou (Chinese: 屠呦呦; born 30 December 1930) is a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and educator. She is best known for discovering artemisinin (also known as qinghaosu) and dihydroartemisinin, used to treat malaria, which saved millions of lives. Her discovery of artemisinin and its treatment of malaria is regarded as a significant breakthrough of tropical medicine in the 20th century and health improvement for people of tropical developing countries in South Asia, Africa, and South America. For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in clinical medicine and the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine and the first citizen of the People's Republic of China to receive the Nobel Prize in natural sciences, as well as the first Chinese person to receive the Lasker Award. She was born and educated and carried out research exclusively in China.[2]Source
http://imgur.com/a/RbriGSource
Most Influential Scientific Minds: 2 From Asia Make Top 15 (1 from China)Source
AsianScientist (Jun 20, 2014) – The Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters has released a report titled The World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds: 2014, listing the top researchers in science around the globe. The top 15 list includes two researchers in Asia: Dr. Gao Huijin from the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) and Dr. Zhang Hua from the Nanyang Technological University (NTU). Dr. Gao Huijun Gao, director of the Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems at HIT, China, had 15 hot papers concerning computation and filtering for the control of networks and other systems.
Top 100 Inventors for 2015Source
6 Kangguo Cheng
7 Kangguo Cheng
17 Shou-Shan Fan
20 Wanshi Chen
27 Tao Luo
37 Ye-Kui Wang
49 Chia-Shiung Tsai
61 Hao Xu
72 Tingfang Ji
75 Chun-Chen Yeh
76 Chun-Chen Yeh
79 Chen-Hua Yu
Intel STS 2014 HighlightsSource
Chinese scientists dominate in engineering, computer science, chemistry and material scienceSource
Some people will have you believe that Chinese scientists are mediocre at best, but it seems that the reason China has a low average citation comparatively to Western countries is primarily because China, like other Asian countries, primarily invest in physics and chemistry while Western countries invest a lot in life science. Life science articles tend to have a much higher h-index and much more citations than physics and chemistry article while they don't necessarily require a lot of innovative thought. A perfect example of this would be an epidemiology study that got cited 5000 times versus a high-quality photonics article that was only cited 50 times. Citations is only a measure of quality when used to compare research articles in the same field.
Anyway, here are the links that show the Chinese dominance in those four fields:
http://i.imgur.com/YvVLiZ7.png
http://i.imgur.com/ikHTtmU.png
China's invention patent applications grow 21.7% in the first three quartersSource
Recently, SIPO published data of patents in the first three quarters of 2015. In the first three quarters of 2015, China received 1.876 million applications of the three kinds of patents, up 22.0%. Among them, 709,000 were invention patent applications, up 21.7%; 779,000 were utility model patent applications, up 33.6%; 388,000 were design patent applications, up 4.4%, respectively were 37.8%, 41.5% and 20.7% of the total.
According to official from SIPO, there were three characteristics in the data. Firstly, the quantity of patent applications was growing rapidly, especially the growth rate of invention patents were up 9.5 percent than last year. Secondly, invention patents granted got a high growth rate of nearly 50%, while the rates of utility model patents and design patents were both higher than invention patents. Thirdly, the proportion of domestic service invention patents applications provided a stable level of over 80%, and the proportion of service invention patents granted in domestic patents was over 90%.
China's diaspora brings it homeSource
Links formed by mainland China's large scientific diaspora and its increasing output of high-quality research make it an emerging centre of international collaboration.
Nature releases white paper—Turning Point: Chinese Science in TransitionSource
The White Paper starts by focusing on a positive trend in Chinese science. It shows that China's long-lamented 'brain drain' has become a 'brain boomerang', with the vast majority of young Chinese scientists planning to return quickly to China after a period overseas: 85% plan to return within 5 years. This trend of faster-returning 'haigui' (homing turtles, as they are colloquially referred to in China), reflects the country's increased standing in global research, and a greater confidence Chinese scientists have in the country's future. China's increased efforts to attract, develop and retain talented researchers are also securing greater numbers from abroad.
Nature recognises distinguished Chinese scientistsSource
Five prominent Chinese scientists today receive the 2015 Nature Award for Mentoring in Science at the 2015 International Forum: From Research to Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Nature hosts these annual awards to champion the importance of mentoring and inspiring a generation of young scientists.
China leading the world for growth in high-quality science output, Nature Index showsSource
China's high quality research output grew 37% from 2012 to 2014, according to new analysis of Nature Index data. The United States saw a 4% drop over this period in the same Nature Index metric (weighted fractional count; WFC).*
The Nature Index 2015 China supplement, publishing with Nature on 17 December, shows China's total contribution to high-quality science has risen to become the second largest in the world, surpassed only by the United States.
The transition has been substantiated by China’s massive spending on research and development and the growing volume of scientific research papers, written by its promising scientists, the professor at Kookmin University’s School of International Studies told The Korea Herald.Source
If you look at the 1997 SCI list, the U.S. ranked first in the volume of SCI-listed papers, while China ranked 13th. The number of papers written by U.S. scientists accounted for 33.24 percent in the year, while the figure for China accounted for only 2.38 percent. But in 2007, China’s ranking rose to second place with the number of papers by its scientists comprising 9.53 percent. In 2012, China also ranked second with the number accounting for 15.18 percent of the total.
In fact, China may soon eclipse the US in at least eight major scientific fields, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) 2015 Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard report.Source
The report (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) 2015 Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard report) shows which countries have the highest number of studies referenced by other researchers — a common measure of scientific excellence. Then it breaks the data down into 27 fields, revealing which countries have the largest share of the top 10% most-cited articles in each field.
From 2003-2012, US researchers swept all 27 disciplines with more articles in the top 10% than any other country. However, China placed a close second in eight of the disciplines.
More scientists have moved to China in the past few years, while more are leaving the US, the report explains. And though more students overall receive doctorates in the US, China now awards more doctorates in the sciences — 27,000 versus 24,000.
The eight major fields: number of top 10% most-cited articles
1) Materials science (US — 31,400 articles. China — 22,112 articles)
2) Engineering (US — 31,400 articles. China — 22,112 articles)
3) Mathematics (US — 27,127 articles. China — 10,416 articles)
4) Decision science (US — 2,484 articles. China — 1,119 articles)
5) Chemistry (US — 38,473 articles. China — 22,613 articles)
6) Energy (US — 6,108 articles. China — 3,385 articles)
7) Chemical engineering (US — 15,550 articles. China — 11,658 articles)
8) Computer science (US — 41,187 articles. China — 13,489 articles)
Output from Chinese research institutions now surpasses several of the world's most prestigious and oldest universities. While Harvard ranks highest in overall output (140,817 publications from 2010 to 2015), the Chinese Academy of Science output (76,582 publications) ranks third, close behind that of the University of Toronto (82,832 publications for the same period), and ahead of such venerable institutions as Oxford, Cambridge, University of Tokyo, University of Munich, Indian Institute of Sciences and France's Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. China also collaborates extensively with a broad range of global partners (204 countries) almost equal to that of the U.S. (233 countries). Its primary collaborative partners are in AIPAC countries: Japan, Australia, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan but there is also significant collaborative research arrangements with the west, most notably institutions in the U.S, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany and France.Source
China’s share of global science and engineering publications has pulled within a percentage point of those from the United States, according to the latest research statistics published by the US National Science Foundation (NSF).Source
China dominates Asian advancesSource
According to Indicators 2016, China is now the second-largest performer of R&D, accounting for 20 percent of global R&D as compared to the United States, which accounts for 27 percent.
Between 2003 and 2013, China ramped up its R&D investments at an average of 19.5 percent annually, greatly exceeding that of the U.S. China made its increases despite the Great Recession. Developing economies that start at a lower base tend to grow much more rapidly than those that are already functioning at a high level; nonetheless, China's growth rate in this arena has been remarkable.
China is also playing an increasingly prominent role in knowledge and technology-intensive industries, including high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services. These industries account for 29 percent of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and for nearly 40 percent of U.S. GDP. China ranks second in high-tech manufacturing, where the U.S. maintains a slim lead with a global share of 29 percent to China's 27 percent. While China plays a smaller role in commercial knowledge-intensive services (business, financial, and information), it has now surpassed Japan to move into third place behind the United States and the European Union.
China has also made significant strides in S&E education, which is critical to supporting R&D as well as knowledge and technology-intensive industries. China is the world's number-one producer of undergraduates with degrees in science and engineering. These fields account for 49 percent of all bachelor's degrees awarded in China, compared to 33 percent of all bachelor's degrees the U.S. awards.
In 2012, students in China earned about 23 percent of the world's 6 million first university degrees in S&E. Students in the European Union earned about 12 percent and those in the U.S. accounted for about 9 percent of these degrees.
Asia-Pacific is expected to spend US$689 billion on tech goods and services in 2016, led by China which has surpassed Japan to become the region’s biggest tech spender. This would climb to US$723 billion in 2017, according to projections from Forrester.Source
China is playing an increasingly prominent role in world's science and engineering as the country becomes the second-largest performer of research and development (R&D), according to the Science and Engineering Indicators 2016 (Indicators) report from the US National Science Foundation.Source
Indicators 2016 makes it clear that Global R&D spending shows an overall upward trend mainly in North America, Europe and East Asia and Southeast Asia, while the US science and engineering (S&E) enterprise continues to lead the world.
According to Indicators 2016, China is now the second-largest performer of R&D, accounting for 20 percent of global R&D spending as compared to the United States, which accounts for 27 percent.
Between 2003 and 2013, China increased its R&D investments at an average rate of 19.5 percent annually, greatly exceeding that of the US.
China Builds a Faster Beagle in Gene-Editing Race With U.S.Source
China has long set its heart on building an expertise in genomics and its government is pouring funds into a new -- and sometimes controversial tool -- called Crispr, encouraging its researchers to advance the technology. Chinese scientists say they were among the first in using Crispr to make wheat resistant to a common fungal disease, dogs more muscular and pigs with leaner meat.
"I would rank the U.S. and China as first and second Crispr-Cas9 research countries, respectively, at this time. Both countries have much strength in this area," said Paul Knoepfler, an associate professor of cell biology and human anatomy at the UC Davis School of Medicine in California, who recently published a book titled "GMO Sapiens" discussing the application of gene-modifying technology on humans. "The U.S. currently gets the edge in high-profile papers, Crispr biotech and intellectual property. China has published a lot in Crispr animals."
A Chinese team at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou last year became the first to report Crispr work in human embryos, attempting to edit a gene that causes the blood disorder, thalassemia. The study was at least partly funded by two government-run organizations, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and another called the National Basic Research Program.
Distribution of patent families of the top 100 applicants by applicant originSource
http://i.imgur.com/GWSNVAT.png
Japan's share in the 1990s was almost 80%, in the 2000s it fell almost 20%. China went from .6% to 7.6% in the same period
Top three technology fields for the top 10 origins, 2011-13 (% of total) http://i.imgur.com/y1J8zPY.png
China is playing an increasingly prominent role in world's science and engineering as the country becomes the second-largest performer of research and development (R&D), according to the Science and Engineering Indicators 2016 (Indicators) report from the US National Science FoundationSource
According to Indicators 2016, China is now the second-largest performer of R&D, accounting for 20 percent of global R&D spending as compared to the United States, which accounts for 27 percent
China's PCT applications exceeded 29,800 in 2015 with an increase of 16.8 percent, ranking the third in globe for three years in a row following the United States and Japan.Source
China Innovation Power: Far Out-Ranks U.S. And Japan In New Patent ApplicationsSource
China recorded 928,177 patent fillings in 2014, trailed by the U.S. at 578,802, Japan at 325, 989 and Korea at 210,292. Most of the growth in patent filings was due to China’s surge of 12.5% compared with a 1.3% increase for the U.S. and Japan at a decline of .7%. Interestingly, Iran topped growth increases globally with a 18.5% gain in patent applications.
China ranked the world's fourth in terms of citations of science and technology papers written by Chinese scientists, a government think tank revealed on Friday. Average numbers of citations for individual reports has increased by 9.4 percent from last year's 6.92 times to 7.57, the report by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information under the Ministry of Science and Technology said. From 2004 to this year, Chinese scientists have published about 1.37 million papers in international journals and magazines, ranking the world's second highest, the report said. In total, research papers from Chinese scientists were cited 10.37 million times, the fourth in the world, it said.Source
In 1997, fewer than 2.5 per cent of the original research articles published in journals included in the Science Citation Index were co-authored by researchers based in China. In 2006, China’s contribution to the scientific literature had grown to overtake that of the Germany, the UK, France and Japan, making it second only to the United States. By 2014, this doubled again, bringing China’s contribution to 19 per cent of the articles listed in the SCI, compared to that of the US of around 25 per cent.Source
For most of the 20th century, the number of papers published in high-impact journals like Nature and Science each year from authors in China could be counted on one hand. Of the top 0.1 per cent most-cited articles published across all journals in 1997, only four had any co-authors based in China. But here too, China has made remarkable progress. Last year, that number was 269 articles, or 21 per cent of the top 0.1 per cent most-cited papers published in 2014. According to the 2013 Nature Index, its contribution to research in the world’s leading journals is now second only to the US
The rapid rise of a research nationSource
The Nature Index shows China is already a high-quality scientific powerhouse. Since the first Nature Index database started in 2012, China's total contribution has risen to become the second largest in the world, surpassed only by the United States. But, what sets China apart is the rapid growth of its WFC. While China's contribution grew 37% from 2012 to 2014, the United States saw a 4% drop over the same period.
China's booming scientific output is concentrated around specific subject areas, a trend that has continued since 2012. Chemistry and physical sciences clearly dominate the country's total publishing output in the Nature Index (see 'Chemistry champs'). The WFC figure for chemistry in 2014 was 3,783, accounting for 61% of the country's total WFC, while physical sciences made up 30% of China's publishing output in the index. By comparison, distribution of the WFC in other subject areas are represented more proportionally in other top contributing countries, such as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom.
Life sciences are also expected to make great advances in the near future. Between 2012 and 2014, China's output in this area grew by 30%. Fields such as genomics and protein sciences, stem cell and cloning technology, and gene therapy have already experienced significant progress. “[China is] set to become the global powerhouse of gene and protein research, leading this exciting field in life sciences and making grand discoveries with profound impacts,” He explains.
China leads the world in pharma innovation, study showsSource
The world's leading region for pharmaceutical innovation is China. That is one of the findings of the 2016 State of Innovation study, released today by the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters, the world's leading provider of intelligent information for businesses and professionals.
The key findings for the sector included a 4% rise in pharma innovation since last year, with the most significant rise coming in inorganics, which include all non-carbon-based chemical compounds. They feature an array of metallic compounds as well as those that are synthesized in a chemical plant or lab.
Geographically, a major finding of the study is that 50% of the top global innovators in pharmaceuticals are based in China, in terms of the number of new inventions credited to companies, universities or other centers in 2015. Only five of the top 10 come from outside China, including Swiss pharma giant Roche (ROG: SIX), France’s Sanofi (Euronext: SAN) and the University of California.
A further list of the most influential scientific research institutions in pharmaceuticals during the last decade, based on the number and importance of cited papers, puts China’s Tianjin University at the top, followed by Denmark’s Lundbeck Corporation and US biotech Gilead Sciences (Nasdaq: GILD). Again China has a strong presence in the list, with its three representatives in the top 10 matched only by the USA.
Addressing China’s dominance in many of these areas, the report summary notes: “The collabovation between the public and private sectors is also clear in this industry, as all of China’s representatives are from academia.
Literature Nobel Prizes that caused a stir The academy said it intended to bestow the 2018 literature award in 2019.Nobel Prize Winner Alice Munro How Bookies Pick the Literature Nobel, Without Actually Reading Donald Trump A Favorite For coupon co nghia la gi The nobel prize literature 2019 betting Nobel Peace Prize In 2018 The 2013 Nobel Prize announcements are almost upon us. Which means it's time for the game everyone loves to tolerate: the Uncertain Principles Nobel Prize Betting Pool. As always, the core rules ... Tue 1 Oct 2013 11.59 EDT. A late development in the betting on this year's Nobel prize in literature has seen a "dramatic" shortening of odds on ... which awards the Nobel prize in literature ... The next winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature will be announced Thursday morning in Stockholm. In the United Kingdom, where you can wager on such things, the betting money is on Japanese ... The 2011 Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm. Photo by Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images. The Nobel Prize in literature in 2013 was awarded to Alice Munro, who the Nobel committee called a “master ...
[index] [36698] [21369] [47407] [34558] [30255] [21994] [4443] [7915] [61740] [28413]
The Nobel Lecture in Literature this year is replaced by a pre-recorded video conversation with Alice Munro, Nobel Laureate in Literature. The event is held ... Welcome to the Nobel Prize’s official YouTube channel, which showcases videos about Nobel Prize-awarded achievements and Nobel Laureates. Since 1901, the Nob... All Nobel laureates in Literature in History. When Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel died in 1896, he provided for five prizes in his will, including the Nobel Prize in literature, an honor that goes ... Discussion of Nobel Prize Winners in literature. Winners Discussed Kazuo Ishiguro Bob Dylan Alice Munro Toni Morrison Gabriel García Márquez John Steinbeck A... Peter Englund, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, answers questions about the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature. The interviewer is freelance journalist Ola Larsmo.