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Parriarchy does not exist
nowadays in western society. This post does not intend to tackle the statut of women throught history since the subject is about now and not the past. The History revisionnism of a certain activist group has been debunked Historical revisionism debunked here Moreover, i will not debunk the wagegap here since it has been debunked countless times. here if you want to have look a glassdoor study. The subject of this post is why we don’t live in a partriarchy in western countries nowadays. First of all lets look up for some definitions. The définitions will be taken from the Cambridge dictionnary and from wikipedia. According to the Cambridge Dictionnary, Patriarchy is :
a society in which the oldest male is the leader of the family, or a society controlled by men
in which they use their power to their own advantage:
a form of social organization in which fathers or other males control the family, clan, tribe,
or larger social unit, or a society organized in this way.
Patriarchy is also the control by men, rather than women or both men and women, of most
of the power and authority in a society. Source here Let tackle the different definitions.
>a society in which the oldest male is the leader of the family
The first one seems to be the clearer definition since it explicitly shows what legitimate the power in a patriarcal society and who benefit from it. You have to be a male and you have to be the oldest male of the family. Now let take a look. A simple question. Does your grand father is the head of your family or has a primar say in the family issues ? I bet no because the oldest male is not the leader of the family anymore. Money spending decision among the nuclear family could represent well the dynamyc between the two person of the couple. The father has not the primaty say on the money spending anymore. Women are about as likely as men to have the final say and as likely than men to make a joint decision. Cf the following document (i could note quote since it is a board and i don’t know how to do it, if you have any suggestion..)
Money, power and spending decisions in intimate relationships
or a society controlled by men in which they use their power to their own advantage
Here the power, (not even defined) is used to their own advantage and men are defined as the class who has the power. One thing which could be in their own advantage could be not to die at work and letting other doing the dirty job. However, men represent the vast majority of the work fatalities ( 5.7% against 0.6%). Men are almost ten times as likely than women to die at work. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t01.htm Moreover men represente the majority of the homeless people (around 70%) in USA. https://endhomelessness.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/DDP-Gender-brief-09272019-byline-single-pages.pdf So men as a class does not possess more power than women as a class. The ultrasuccessful men are not representative of the class of men and the power held do not benefit to the class of men but only to the horlder We could associate this view as the apex fallacy. Taking only the best and make an abusive generalisation from this tiny group.
> a form of social organization in which fathers or other males control the family, clan, tribe, or larger social unit, or a society organized in this way.
This definition has the same idea that being a male is the reason of holding the power. The term control means they have the authority, and the power to submit to their will women to do things because of their statut of male and not bacause of their function. In other words they acess to power because they are male and not because of their jobs, etc. In a way, we could say that we are in western countries in a society with a patriarchal structure. Why did i not say Patriarchy ? Simply because the power is not held by men because of their sex but because of their choices and skills. The same goes for women. We can’t say that we are in a patriarchy because men and women have the same opportunities to access to the power. We will develop the topic of the power, its constituant and its legitimity later in this post.
The third definition is about the outcome, not the core reason of the power holding. Moreover it depict only the powerfull people and not all the class. It suffer from the apex fallacy as well as not tackling the origin of the power.
So the primary question is more about
«Do women have equal acess to the power?
” than “Is there the same number of women as men in power?” Because the first is about equal treatment and the other on equality of outcome. In the latter, it means that a group will not be treated as the other for the same skills and would be basically discrimination. Lets define more accuratly the term power • ability to control people and events • the amount of political control a person or group has in a country • an official or legal right to do something • a person, organization, or country that has control over others, often because of wealth, importance, or great military strength https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/power?q=Power As I said previously in this post, all the above are held primarly by a minority of people, men and women and among this minotity, the majority is constituted of men. So the remaining question which will determin if the legitimity of power is being a man or only skills and choices (and luck but this case is because of the capitalism not patriarchy and no, capitalism is based on skills, etc not power.) is :
« does women have the same opportunities as men to acess to power ? »
• >an official or legal right to do something Men and women have now the same legal rights and as many women as men can vote, the vote of each woman have the same impact as the vote of each man (Vote of 1 woman = Vote of 1 man) So women have an equal voting power.
Does women can acess to politc as easy as men ?
This mean , do women have the same opportunities to candidate and will they be as likely to be elected as a man for the same skills, etc ? Women have the same opportunities as man to candidate to political election, however, do they have the same opportunities to be elected ? According to the following meta analysis yes.
What Have We Learned About Gender From Candidate Choice Experiments? A Meta-analysis of 42
Factorial Survey Experiments Susanne Schwarz and Alexander Coppock∗ May 5, 2020
Candidate choice survey experiments in the form of conjoint or vignette experiments have become a standard part of the political science toolkit for understanding the effects of candidate characteristics on vote choice. We collect 42 studies and reanalyze them using a standardized approach. We find that the average effect of being a woman (relative to a man) is a gain of 2 percentage points. We find some evidence of heterogeneity as this difference appears to be somewhat larger for white (versus non white) candidates, and among survey respondents who are women (versus men) or identify as Democrats or Independents (versus Republicans). Our results add to the growing body of evidence that voter preferences are not a major factor explaining the persistently low rates of women in elected office.
Does women are seen as skillfull as men ? Are they as likely as men to be hired in prestigious jobs ?
(authority and access to prestigious jobs mean statut and wealth, so power according to the last definition of power). The answer is yes in a real situations (hired by a professionnal, etc) B)Professionnal power and skill assessment 0)Hiring
A Meta-Analysis of Gender Stereotypes and Bias in Experimental Simulations of Employment Decision Making
Women are less likely to be hire than a man for a same job
RaterGender Next, we examined rater gender. Across all job types, female raters exhibited a near-zero bias (d=-.04), and males exhibited a larger pro-male bias (d=-0 .21). However, we found different patterns when examining jobs with different sex distributionsseparately (see Table 2). For male-dominated jobs, male raters showed a stronger gender-role congruity bias (i.e., pro-male bias) than female raters, in support of Hypothesis 2. Both male and female raters exhibited a pro-male bias for female-dominated jobs, contrary to our expectations. However, it should be noted that k and n for female dominated job analyses were quite small. For integrated jobs, bias did not differ for male and female raters
(i.e.,confidence intervals were overlapping). But only when it is NOT in the contexte of real life situation of recruitment and ONLY in male dominated jobs.
For male-dominated jobs, undergraduates and working adults exhibited a larger pro-male bias (d_s=-0.19) than experienced professionals (d=-0 .04). This trend was reversed for femaledominated jobs, with experienced professionals showing the largest pro-female bias, though the sample of experienced professionals was small (n =167, k = 5). Undergraduates and experienced professionals exhibited similar levels of bias when making decisions about integrated jobs (d_s =- .07 and .05, respectively). Thus, findings on bias exhibited by different types of participants were mixed.
Does women are as likely than men to be promoted ?(acess to wealth and statut)
1)Stickyfloor and Promotion Difference It is observed that women are on average less promoted than men. The situation seems unfair, however this remains an average, like the wage gap, which can be explained by seniority, sector of activity etc. A 2015 Canadian study of 5,840 companies, 16,654 women and 24,192 men. The study shows that women have a salary increase 2.9% less than a man's for the same promotion in the same company. Moreover, it is observed that women without children have a pay return per promotion and a promotion rate very close to that of men while women with children do not.
Moving Up or Falling Behind? Gender, Promotions, and Wages in Canada
Unconditionally, women in our sample are 2.8 percentage points less likely to have been promoted in the last year than men. Controlling for worker characteristics in column 2, women are 3.1 percentage points less likely to have been promoted than men. Columns 3, 4 and 5 add controls for the worker’s industry, occupation, and both industry and occupation, respectively, to the controls in column 2 to account for the possibility that women may be employed in industries or occupations with shorter job ladders and fewer opportunities for promotion. Controlling for the industry (occupation) in which a worker is employed, the estimated gender gap falls to 1.9 (2.2) percentage points. Controlling for both industry and occupation, women are 0.7 percentage points less likely to have been promoted than their male peers—a difference which is not statistically significant. Column 6 adds firm effects to the model in column 5, but the estimated gender gap in promotion probabilities (-0.008) is little changed. Collectively, the estimates in panel A suggest that the gender difference in the probability of promotion is driven by gender segregation in occupation and industry rather than systematic sorting into firms offering fewer opportunities for advancement.
Page 9 https://ftp.iza.org/dp9380.pdf In addition, a 2018 study of wage increases for salaried employees (4888 participants) or hourly workers (5148 participants) shows that there is no significant difference between men and women.
The Gender Gap in Raise Magnitudes of Hourly and Salary Workers
The gender gap in promotions literature typically uses survey to survey imputed hourly wage changes
to measure the earnings effects of promotions alone. By distinction, we study raises with and without promotions using data within surveys that uniquely identify both the current and most recent wages of hourly workers separate from salary workers. In cross-section estimates we identify a gender gap in raise magnitude favoring men only among hourly workers who achieve promotions, but this result vanishes in fixed effects estimates. No gender gaps emerge in any other instance, including for salary workers and raises absent of promotion. We further contribute to the literature by uniquely controlling for natural ability and risk preferences of the workers, the time passed since earning the raise, and also whether the responsibility of the worker’s job changed with the raise. https://ideas.repec.org/a/spjlabre/v40y2019i1d10.1007_s12122-018-9277-8.html There is no difference in increment and promotion, all other things being equal.
Are women’s leadership skill assessed the same way (not harsher) as men leadership skills (authority and access to statut)?
2)Glass ceiling and harsher judgment Another hypothesis put forward is that of the glass ceiling which would mean that a woman cannot be promoted to high-level positions because of discrimination against her. However, according to a 2014 meta-analysis of 111 studies concerning the evaluation of the skills of a leader, male or female, the difference is minimal (Koch2015). Taking all criteria together, we have a d=0.04. For indication, d=0.2 corresponds to a small effect. CF B0). In addition, a 2014 meta-analysis of 58 published scientific articles, 30 unpublished dissertations or theses, 5 books and 6 other sources, including 100,000 people, indicates an overall difference of d=-0.06 in perceived management effectiveness (JAP). Men are assessed as less competent than women for middle positions of -0.17 with p<0.05, there is little difference for high positions of 0.04 and low positions of 0.07. In addition, experienced recruiters have less bias than young students and inexperienced workers. (d=0.04 versus d=0.19). The difference in judgement therefore has a negligible effect at best.
Gender and Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness: A Meta-Analysis of Contextual Moderators
The distribution of effect sizes was approximately normal and centered around zero. The overall analysis of effectiveness measures resulted in a mean corrected d of =-0.05 (K = 99, N =101,676), which is not significantly different from zero (see Table 1). We examined the data for any extreme outliers (3 SD) and found two effect sizes that met this criteria (d = 1.44, N = 30 and d = 1.52, N = 40). Hunter and Schmidt (2004) argued that, when sample sizes of outliers are small to moderate, extreme outliers can occur due to sampling error. They noted that such outliers should not be removed from the data, because removing them could result in an overcorrection of sampling error. We reanalyzed the data with these two effect sizes removed from the sample, and the overall effect size changed slightly (by .01), becoming d=-0.06. Hierarchical level as a moderator. Consistent with Hypothesis 3, hierarchical level exhibited a significant moderating effect on gender differences in leadership effectiveness (Qb = 10.71, p = .05). The results of a subgroup analysis are partially consistent with the hypothesis proposed by RCT (see Table 1). Women were rated as significantly more effective than men in middle management positions, with a d of =0.17 (K = 12, N =4,570, 95% CI [=-.31, =.03]). There was a nonsignificant gender difference in effectiveness for leaders in upper level leadership positions, with a d of -.04 (K = 28, N = 12,364, 95% CI [=-.15, .07]), and in lower hierarchical levels/supervisor positions, with a d of .07 (K =37, N = 7,421, 95% CI [=-.03, .17]). Overall, Hypothesis 3 was partially supported in that women were more effective in middle management positions, although there were not gender differences in either lower or higher level positions.
https://apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/apl-a0036751.pdf Furthermore, a 2016 study (human-perf) of 3,367 managers and 9,670 non-managers (731 managers and 1,297 non-managers retained) shows that differences in performance ratings between men and women are again negligible and not statistically significant.
Gender differences in supervisors’ multidimensional performance ratings: Large sample evidence
We examined gender differences in supervisor ratings of overall job performance and 37 performance dimensions. Based on data from a large, diverse sample of managers (N = 3,367) and nonmanagers (N = 9,670), we found that gender had only minimal effects on ratings for a small number of specific job performance dimensions. This was generally true regardless of whether the job performance dimension was more agentic or communal in nature, whether the job was a managerial or a nonmanagerial position, and regardless of the proportion of men or women that traditionally occupy a specific job. Overall, our results are more consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis than the agency/communion paradigm, role congruity theory, and the lack of fit model. We discuss future research avenues and implications.
Women are therefore seen as performing and being as competent as men in their job
Are women as likely to be promoted than men in prestigious jobs ?
3)Glass ceiling and promotion In addition, a 2013 study of 3,053 and 57,632 directors is looking at the promotion rate in Denmark of women as CEOs. (smith2013) Observations were made from 1997 to 2007. For promotions to the position of Vice President, the gross gap is 0.6 percentage points and 1.6 percentage points for the position of CEO. In this particular case, the presence of children seems to be beneficial for men's promotions, but paternity leave is heavily sanctioned with regard to future career prospects. The field also explains the difference in the likelihood of being promoted to CEO. Indeed, Vice Presidents in Human Resources, IT and R&D are much less likely to be promoted to the position of CEO than Vice Presidents and CFOs in sales and production. However, vice presidents and senior management tend to concentrate in human resources positions, which is an important factor explaining the lower promotion rate.
Why Are So Few Females Promoted into CEO and Vice-President Positions? Danish Empirical Evidence
1997-2007
This paper analyzes the gender gap in promotion into top corporate jobs based on employer- employee data on all Danish companies. The rawVP- and CEO-promotion rates in the data set show a fairly constant distance between males and females during the period 1997-2007. In 2007, 4.6 % of the males and 3.6 % of the females in the group of potential top executives were promoted into a VP position while for promotions from VP positions into CEO positions, the same gures were 4.4 % and 2.7 %, respectively,i.e. there was a gender gap of 1 % points for VP positions and 1.7 % points for CEO positions. Many women may not find it very attractive to become CEOs because they have to give up too much to ll a CEO position compared to the alternative as being a VP or having a lower position which is more easily combined with having more kids and full take-up of maternity leave schemes and other family-friendly schemes, i.e. to rewrite the words by the former Danish CEO, Stine Bosse: Be in positions where they can still have a life.
p35 http://ftp.iza.org/dp5961.pdf All this findings suggest that women are not less promoted to CEO positions than men simply because they are women. Moreover women at CEO position are less paid but only due to the field, the risk taking.
Women in Top Management and Job Self Selection
Using a large sample of publicly traded firms from 1994-2002, we study the type of firms that female executives prefer to work in. We find that (1) female executives predominantly work in high risk firms and in high risk industries, (2) female CEOs have higher dismissal probability and female non-CEO executives (CFO, COO and President), in general, have lower tenure at office, and (3) there is significant self selection for female to work in high risk segments despite higher dismissal rates or lower tenure at job. Consistent with Bertrand and Hallock (2001), we find that, on average, female executives are paid lower than men, a result that is mainly driven by female in safer work segments. On the other hand, female executives in risky segments have comparable pay to their male counterparts. Using a size and industry male executive benchmark for each female executive, we also show that pay differential diminishes with the increase in job risk.
Does women have less access to a mentor than men do (access to network)?
According to a meta analysis on 40 studies, there is no difference of outcomes between men and women on mentoring (as a protégé or as mentor)
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Gender Differences in Mentoring
(it is not a strict quote but sum up the results. to have an idea, r=0.1 is a small effect size, r=0.30 a medium effect size and r=0.5 is a large effect size. The difference in access to the mentor is very weakly correlated with the sex of the protégé with r=-0.01 and p not significant. In addition, there is no difference in career development mentoring. Furthermore, women report having more psychological support than men (r=.01) (r=.06 very low gender correlation). Men report having served as more mentors than women (r=.07), provided more career development (r=.04) and less psychological support than women (r=.04). However, the results are heterogeneous and the magnitudes are very low. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318619 Women are seen as competent as men in politic, in companies, have about the same rate of promotions, pay raise and as likely to be hired in real situation. They have the same opportunities to access to a prestigious jobs (statut), promotion (gain in statut) pay (wealth) and mentoring (professional network). I will not treat the theme of religion because the state is separated from the Church, and there is the cult freedom. I have not tackle the problem of military power since it is indeed a form of power but is accessible to women via politic or recruitement (depending on the goals) and this power is not use among the population in usual situation.
To Conclude this part women have the same access to wealth, politic, and statut in the application.
Another remaining is :
« Are Women held back »
1)On this ground we will use the education of the parent. Does the parent raise their child in a different way, ie pushing boy to be more independant than girl ?
Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls
Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents do treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade are quite plausible. In the current set of meta-analyses, based on 126 observational studies (15,034 families), we examined mothers’ and fathers’ differential use of autonomy-supportive and controlling strategies with boys and girls, and the role of moderators related to the decade in which the study was conducted, the observational context, and sample characteristics. Databases of Web of Science, ERIC, PsychInfo, Online Contents, Picarta, and Proquest were searched for studies examining differences in observed parental control of boys and girls between the ages of 0 and 18 years. Few differences were found in parents’ use of control with boys and girls. Parents were slightly more controlling with boys than with girls, but the effect size was negligible (d = 0.08). The effect was larger, but still small, in normative groups and in samples with younger children. No overall effect for gender-differentiated autonomy-supportive strategies was found (d = 0.03). A significant effect of time emerged: studies published in the 1970s and 1980s reported more autonomy-supportive strategies with boys than toward girls, but from 1990 onwards parents showed somewhat more autonomy-supportive strategies with girls than toward boys. Taking into account parents’ gender stereotypes might uncover subgroups of families where gender-differentiated control is salient, but based on our systematic review of the currently available large data base we conclude that in general the differences between parenting of boys versus girls are minimal The parent raise their children to be autonomous, at the same extend for men AND women.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159193 Moreover, in more gender egalitarian countries, the maths anxiety among girls is higher and the parent tend to value less math among girls. It is again in contradiction with the narrative expecting that less gender egalitarian countries with greater gender stereotyope would increase the gender maths anxiety gap.
Countries with Higher Levels of Gender Equality Show Larger National Sex Differencesin Mathematics
Anxiety and Relatively Lower Parental Mathematics Valuation for Girls
Most importantly and contra predictions, we showed that economically developed and more gender equal countries have a lower overall level of mathematics anxiety, and yet a larger national sex difference in mathematics anxiety relative to less developed countries. Further,although relatively more mothers workin STEM fields in more developed countries, these parents valued, on average , mathematical competence more in theirsonsthan their daughters.The proportion of mothers working in STEM was unrelated to sexdifferences in mathematics anxiety or performance
This study shows that indeed maths is less emphasized for girls than boys in more gender equal countries but it also a part of the gender equality paradoxe. STEM are more valued for girls in less gender equal country probably to to pragmatical reason (better earning). (see the part about society) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153857 Plus, girl in non traditional family where the woman is the breadwinner is more likely to be more traditional (their own choice)
Modern Family: Female Breadwinners and the Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Norms⇤
In this paper I investigate the intergenerational transmission of gender norms. The norm I focus on is the traditional view that it is the role of the mother to look after young children and the role of the father to be the breadwinner. I develop a model of identity formation where a child’s gender norm is endogenous to two main sources of socialisation: her family on the one hand, and society at large on the other. Using data from the Next Steps survey and the International Social Survey Programme, I examine the intergenerational transmission of gender norms in England when the norms of the family, and the society it is embedded in, are oppositional. My findings indicate between-sex heterogeneity in the transmission of gender norms from parents to children. Boys raised in modern families (i.e. where the mother is the breadwinner) are less likely to develop traditional norms. However, compared to those in traditional families, girls raised in modern families are actually more likely to be traditional; in opposition to their family’s but in line with society’s norm. Examining further outcomes associated with gender norms, I find that girls raised in modern families are also less likely to state that being able to earn high wages is important for them, and are less likely to pursue a science degree at university level. I use my identity formation model to argue that these results can be explained by heterogeneity in preferences for conformity to the family, and present empirical evidence that indeed, girls in modern families are less conformist than those in traditional families. Using a regression discontinuity design, I further show that this weaker preference for conformity is in fact a result of the treatment of living in a modern family.
http://web.econ.ku.dk/eprn_epru/Seminagendernorms_march16_Mac.pdf Another point is that parent influence their children in their education but the interraction is both way and parents adapt a lot to their children. So the children are also a great factor on the parenting behavior.
Child Characteristics and Parental Educational Expectations: Evidence for Transmission with Transaction
Parents’ expectations for their children’s ultimate educational attainment have been hypothesized to play an instrumental role in socializing academically-relevant child behaviors, beliefs, and abilities. In addition to social transmission of educationally relevant values from parents to children, parental expectations and child characteristics may transact bidirectionally. We explore this hypothesis using both longitudinal and genetically informative twin data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth and Kindergarten cohorts. Our behavior genetic results indicate that parental expectations partly reflect child genetic variation, even as early as 4 years of age. Two classes of child characteristics were hypothesized to contribute to these child-to-parent effects: behavioral tendencies (approaches toward learning and problem behaviors) and achievement (math and reading). Using behavior genetic models, we find within-twin-pair associations between these child characteristics and parental expectations. Using longitudinal cross-lagged models, we find that initial variation in child characteristics predicts future educational expectations above and beyond previous educational expectations. These results are consistent with transactional frameworks in which parent-to-child and child-to- parent effects cooccur
Genetic affect also grealtly the way of parenting and the receptivness of the children. Parent adapt a lot to their children
Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Child Personality and Parenting
Parenting is often conceptualized in terms of its effects on offspring. However, children may also play an active role in influencing the parenting they receive. Simple correlations between parenting and child outcomes may be due to parent-to-child causation, child-to-parent causation, or some combination of the two. We use a multirater, genetically informative, large sample (n¼1,411 twin sets) to gain traction on this issue as it relates to parental warmth and stress in the context of child Big Five personality. Considerable variance in parental warmth (27%) and stress (45%) was attributable to child genetic influences on parenting. Incorporating child Big Five personality into the model roughly explained half of this variance. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that parents mold their parenting in response to their child’s personality. Residual heritability of parenting is likely due to child characteristics beyond the Big Five. 2) Society Does society holds back girls? Another point is that women may be held back by the social norm. Specialy in STEM where men represent the majority.
A simple hypothesis could be to take the gender equality index to assess the equality within a country (access to education healthcare etc). In less gender egalitarian countries, we would expect to find less women in STEM as they would be more held back by society, social norm and stereotype. However it is not the case. It is even the opposite. Where the gender equality index is higher, the difference is larger.
The Gender-Equality Paradox in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education
The underrepresentation of girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a continual concern for social scientists and policymakers. Using an international database on adolescent achievement in science, mathematics, and reading (N = 472,242), we showed that girls performed similarly to or better than boys in science in two of every three countries, and in nearly all countries, more girls appeared capable of college-level STEM study than had enrolled. Paradoxically, the sex differences in the magnitude of relative academic strengths and pursuit of STEM degrees rose with increases in national gender equality. The gap between boys’ science achievement and girls’ reading achievement relative to their mean academic performance was near universal. These sex differences in academic strengths and attitudes toward science correlated with the STEM graduation gap. A mediation analysis suggested that life-quality pressures in less gender-equal countries promote girls’ and women’s engagement with STEM subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617741719 More over another large sample study show that girl good abilities in maths AND reading may give them more choices than boys.
Not Lack of Ability but More Choice: Individual and Gender Differences in Choice of Careers in Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The pattern of gender differences in math and verbal ability may result in females having a wider choice of careers, in both science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM fields, compared with males. The current study tested whether individuals with high math and high verbal ability in 12th grade were more or less likely to choose STEM occupations than those with high math and moderate verbal ability. The 1,490 subjects participated in two waves of a national longitudinal study; one wave was when the subjects were in 12th grade, and the other was when they were 33 years old. Results revealed that mathematically capable individuals who also had high verbal skills were less likely to pursue STEM careers than were individuals who had high math skills but moderate verbal skills. One notable finding was that the group with high math and high verbal ability included more females than males. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612458937 Another large sample (300,000) studie tends to show a similar results.
Girls’ comparative advantage in reading can largely explain the gender gap in math-related fields
Gender differences in math performance are now small in developed countries and they cannot explain on their own the strong underrepresentation of women in math-related fields. This latter result is however no longer true once gender differences in reading performance are alsotakenintoaccount. Usingindividual-leveldata on 300,000 15-y-old students in 64 countries, we show that the difference between a student performance in reading and math is 80% of a standard deviation (SD) larger for girls than boys, a magnitude considered as very large. When this difference is controlled for, the gender gap in students’ intentions to pursue math-intensivestudiesandcareers is reduced by around75%,while gender gaps in self-concept in math, declared interest for math or attitudes toward math entirely disappear. These latter variables are also much less able to explain the gender gap in intentions to study maththanisstudents’ differenceinperformancebetweenmathand reading. These results are in line with choice models in which educational decisions involve intraindividual comparisons of achievement and self-beliefs in different subjects as well as cultural norms regarding gender. To directly show that intraindividual comparisons of achievement impact students’ intended careers, we use differences across schools in teaching resources dedicated to math and reading as exogenous variations of students’ comparative advantage for math. Results confirm that the comparative advantage in math with respect to reading at the time of making educational choices plays a key role in the process leading to women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive fields.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1905779116 The last point on the choice is that a recent meta analysis showed that increased individualism and decreased ecological stress tend to increase the gender difference of personnality traits but not the culture and stereotype itself.
Nature and evoked culture: Sex differences in personality are uniquely correlated with ecological stress
Sex differences in personality were found to be larger in more developed and more gender-equal societies. However, the studies that report this effect either have methodological shortcomings or do not take into account possible underlying effects of ecological variables. Here, a large, multinational (N = 867,782) dataset of personality profiles was used to examine sex differences in Big Five facet scores for 50 countries. Gender differences were related to estimates of ecological stress as well as socio-cultural variables. Using a regularized partial-correlation approach, the unique associations of those correlates with sex differences were isolated. Sex differences were large (median Mahalanobis' D = 1.97) and varied substantially across countries (range 1.49 to 2.48). Global sex differences are larger in more developed countries with higher food availability, less pathogen prevalence, higher gender equality and an individualistic culture. After controlling for confounds, only cultural individualism, historic pathogen prevalence and food availability remained. Sex differences in personality are uniquely correlated to ecological stress. Previously reported correlations between greater sex differences and socio-cultural liberalism could be due to confounding by influences of ecological stress.
Women have the same opportunity and access to power (politic and money), are seen as competent as men even at high responsabilities jobs (authority), take also important decisions in the family (spending power and intra family authority) and are raised to be as independant as men and not held back. So the power is not legitimated by the sex of people but on the skills, choice and some luck (good or bad) due to the contingence of life. It is more about inequalities than gender inequalities and does not tackle the « Patriarchy » but capitalism.
nowadays in western society. This post does not intend to tackle the statut of women throught history since the subject is about now and not the past. The History revisionnism of a certain activist group has been debunked Historical revisionism debunked here Moreover, i will not debunk the wagegap here since it has been debunked countless times. here if you want to have look a glassdoor study. The subject of this post is why we don’t live in a partriarchy in western countries nowadays. First of all lets look up for some definitions. The définitions will be taken from the Cambridge dictionnary and from wikipedia. According to the Cambridge Dictionnary, Patriarchy is :
a society in which the oldest male is the leader of the family, or a society controlled by men
in which they use their power to their own advantage:
a form of social organization in which fathers or other males control the family, clan, tribe,
or larger social unit, or a society organized in this way.
Patriarchy is also the control by men, rather than women or both men and women, of most
of the power and authority in a society. Source here Let tackle the different definitions.
>a society in which the oldest male is the leader of the family
The first one seems to be the clearer definition since it explicitly shows what legitimate the power in a patriarcal society and who benefit from it. You have to be a male and you have to be the oldest male of the family. Now let take a look. A simple question. Does your grand father is the head of your family or has a primar say in the family issues ? I bet no because the oldest male is not the leader of the family anymore. Money spending decision among the nuclear family could represent well the dynamyc between the two person of the couple. The father has not the primaty say on the money spending anymore. Women are about as likely as men to have the final say and as likely than men to make a joint decision. Cf the following document (i could note quote since it is a board and i don’t know how to do it, if you have any suggestion..)
Money, power and spending decisions in intimate relationships
or a society controlled by men in which they use their power to their own advantage
Here the power, (not even defined) is used to their own advantage and men are defined as the class who has the power. One thing which could be in their own advantage could be not to die at work and letting other doing the dirty job. However, men represent the vast majority of the work fatalities ( 5.7% against 0.6%). Men are almost ten times as likely than women to die at work. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t01.htm Moreover men represente the majority of the homeless people (around 70%) in USA. https://endhomelessness.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/DDP-Gender-brief-09272019-byline-single-pages.pdf So men as a class does not possess more power than women as a class. The ultrasuccessful men are not representative of the class of men and the power held do not benefit to the class of men but only to the horlder We could associate this view as the apex fallacy. Taking only the best and make an abusive generalisation from this tiny group.
> a form of social organization in which fathers or other males control the family, clan, tribe, or larger social unit, or a society organized in this way.
This definition has the same idea that being a male is the reason of holding the power. The term control means they have the authority, and the power to submit to their will women to do things because of their statut of male and not bacause of their function. In other words they acess to power because they are male and not because of their jobs, etc. In a way, we could say that we are in western countries in a society with a patriarchal structure. Why did i not say Patriarchy ? Simply because the power is not held by men because of their sex but because of their choices and skills. The same goes for women. We can’t say that we are in a patriarchy because men and women have the same opportunities to access to the power. We will develop the topic of the power, its constituant and its legitimity later in this post.
The third definition is about the outcome, not the core reason of the power holding. Moreover it depict only the powerfull people and not all the class. It suffer from the apex fallacy as well as not tackling the origin of the power.
So the primary question is more about
«Do women have equal acess to the power?
” than “Is there the same number of women as men in power?” Because the first is about equal treatment and the other on equality of outcome. In the latter, it means that a group will not be treated as the other for the same skills and would be basically discrimination. Lets define more accuratly the term power • ability to control people and events • the amount of political control a person or group has in a country • an official or legal right to do something • a person, organization, or country that has control over others, often because of wealth, importance, or great military strength https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/power?q=Power As I said previously in this post, all the above are held primarly by a minority of people, men and women and among this minotity, the majority is constituted of men. So the remaining question which will determin if the legitimity of power is being a man or only skills and choices (and luck but this case is because of the capitalism not patriarchy and no, capitalism is based on skills, etc not power.) is :
« does women have the same opportunities as men to acess to power ? »
• >an official or legal right to do something Men and women have now the same legal rights and as many women as men can vote, the vote of each woman have the same impact as the vote of each man (Vote of 1 woman = Vote of 1 man) So women have an equal voting power.
Does women can acess to politc as easy as men ?
This mean , do women have the same opportunities to candidate and will they be as likely to be elected as a man for the same skills, etc ? Women have the same opportunities as man to candidate to political election, however, do they have the same opportunities to be elected ? According to the following meta analysis yes.
What Have We Learned About Gender From Candidate Choice Experiments? A Meta-analysis of 42
Factorial Survey Experiments Susanne Schwarz and Alexander Coppock∗ May 5, 2020
Candidate choice survey experiments in the form of conjoint or vignette experiments have become a standard part of the political science toolkit for understanding the effects of candidate characteristics on vote choice. We collect 42 studies and reanalyze them using a standardized approach. We find that the average effect of being a woman (relative to a man) is a gain of 2 percentage points. We find some evidence of heterogeneity as this difference appears to be somewhat larger for white (versus non white) candidates, and among survey respondents who are women (versus men) or identify as Democrats or Independents (versus Republicans). Our results add to the growing body of evidence that voter preferences are not a major factor explaining the persistently low rates of women in elected office.
Does women are seen as skillfull as men ? Are they as likely as men to be hired in prestigious jobs ?
(authority and access to prestigious jobs mean statut and wealth, so power according to the last definition of power). The answer is yes in a real situations (hired by a professionnal, etc) B)Professionnal power and skill assessment 0)Hiring
A Meta-Analysis of Gender Stereotypes and Bias in Experimental Simulations of Employment Decision Making
Women are less likely to be hire than a man for a same job
RaterGender Next, we examined rater gender. Across all job types, female raters exhibited a near-zero bias (d=-.04), and males exhibited a larger pro-male bias (d=-0 .21). However, we found different patterns when examining jobs with different sex distributionsseparately (see Table 2). For male-dominated jobs, male raters showed a stronger gender-role congruity bias (i.e., pro-male bias) than female raters, in support of Hypothesis 2. Both male and female raters exhibited a pro-male bias for female-dominated jobs, contrary to our expectations. However, it should be noted that k and n for female dominated job analyses were quite small. For integrated jobs, bias did not differ for male and female raters
(i.e.,confidence intervals were overlapping). But only when it is NOT in the contexte of real life situation of recruitment and ONLY in male dominated jobs.
For male-dominated jobs, undergraduates and working adults exhibited a larger pro-male bias (d_s=-0.19) than experienced professionals (d=-0 .04). This trend was reversed for femaledominated jobs, with experienced professionals showing the largest pro-female bias, though the sample of experienced professionals was small (n =167, k = 5). Undergraduates and experienced professionals exhibited similar levels of bias when making decisions about integrated jobs (d_s =- .07 and .05, respectively). Thus, findings on bias exhibited by different types of participants were mixed.
Does women are as likely than men to be promoted ?(acess to wealth and statut)
1)Stickyfloor and Promotion Difference It is observed that women are on average less promoted than men. The situation seems unfair, however this remains an average, like the wage gap, which can be explained by seniority, sector of activity etc. A 2015 Canadian study of 5,840 companies, 16,654 women and 24,192 men. The study shows that women have a salary increase 2.9% less than a man's for the same promotion in the same company. Moreover, it is observed that women without children have a pay return per promotion and a promotion rate very close to that of men while women with children do not.
Moving Up or Falling Behind? Gender, Promotions, and Wages in Canada
Unconditionally, women in our sample are 2.8 percentage points less likely to have been promoted in the last year than men. Controlling for worker characteristics in column 2, women are 3.1 percentage points less likely to have been promoted than men. Columns 3, 4 and 5 add controls for the worker’s industry, occupation, and both industry and occupation, respectively, to the controls in column 2 to account for the possibility that women may be employed in industries or occupations with shorter job ladders and fewer opportunities for promotion. Controlling for the industry (occupation) in which a worker is employed, the estimated gender gap falls to 1.9 (2.2) percentage points. Controlling for both industry and occupation, women are 0.7 percentage points less likely to have been promoted than their male peers—a difference which is not statistically significant. Column 6 adds firm effects to the model in column 5, but the estimated gender gap in promotion probabilities (-0.008) is little changed. Collectively, the estimates in panel A suggest that the gender difference in the probability of promotion is driven by gender segregation in occupation and industry rather than systematic sorting into firms offering fewer opportunities for advancement.
Page 9 https://ftp.iza.org/dp9380.pdf In addition, a 2018 study of wage increases for salaried employees (4888 participants) or hourly workers (5148 participants) shows that there is no significant difference between men and women.
The Gender Gap in Raise Magnitudes of Hourly and Salary Workers
The gender gap in promotions literature typically uses survey to survey imputed hourly wage changes
to measure the earnings effects of promotions alone. By distinction, we study raises with and without promotions using data within surveys that uniquely identify both the current and most recent wages of hourly workers separate from salary workers. In cross-section estimates we identify a gender gap in raise magnitude favoring men only among hourly workers who achieve promotions, but this result vanishes in fixed effects estimates. No gender gaps emerge in any other instance, including for salary workers and raises absent of promotion. We further contribute to the literature by uniquely controlling for natural ability and risk preferences of the workers, the time passed since earning the raise, and also whether the responsibility of the worker’s job changed with the raise. https://ideas.repec.org/a/spjlabre/v40y2019i1d10.1007_s12122-018-9277-8.html There is no difference in increment and promotion, all other things being equal.
Are women’s leadership skill assessed the same way (not harsher) as men leadership skills (authority and access to statut)?
2)Glass ceiling and harsher judgment Another hypothesis put forward is that of the glass ceiling which would mean that a woman cannot be promoted to high-level positions because of discrimination against her. However, according to a 2014 meta-analysis of 111 studies concerning the evaluation of the skills of a leader, male or female, the difference is minimal (Koch2015). Taking all criteria together, we have a d=0.04. For indication, d=0.2 corresponds to a small effect. CF B0). In addition, a 2014 meta-analysis of 58 published scientific articles, 30 unpublished dissertations or theses, 5 books and 6 other sources, including 100,000 people, indicates an overall difference of d=-0.06 in perceived management effectiveness (JAP). Men are assessed as less competent than women for middle positions of -0.17 with p<0.05, there is little difference for high positions of 0.04 and low positions of 0.07. In addition, experienced recruiters have less bias than young students and inexperienced workers. (d=0.04 versus d=0.19). The difference in judgement therefore has a negligible effect at best.
Gender and Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness: A Meta-Analysis of Contextual Moderators
The distribution of effect sizes was approximately normal and centered around zero. The overall analysis of effectiveness measures resulted in a mean corrected d of =-0.05 (K = 99, N =101,676), which is not significantly different from zero (see Table 1). We examined the data for any extreme outliers (3 SD) and found two effect sizes that met this criteria (d = 1.44, N = 30 and d = 1.52, N = 40). Hunter and Schmidt (2004) argued that, when sample sizes of outliers are small to moderate, extreme outliers can occur due to sampling error. They noted that such outliers should not be removed from the data, because removing them could result in an overcorrection of sampling error. We reanalyzed the data with these two effect sizes removed from the sample, and the overall effect size changed slightly (by .01), becoming d=-0.06. Hierarchical level as a moderator. Consistent with Hypothesis 3, hierarchical level exhibited a significant moderating effect on gender differences in leadership effectiveness (Qb = 10.71, p = .05). The results of a subgroup analysis are partially consistent with the hypothesis proposed by RCT (see Table 1). Women were rated as significantly more effective than men in middle management positions, with a d of =0.17 (K = 12, N =4,570, 95% CI [=-.31, =.03]). There was a nonsignificant gender difference in effectiveness for leaders in upper level leadership positions, with a d of -.04 (K = 28, N = 12,364, 95% CI [=-.15, .07]), and in lower hierarchical levels/supervisor positions, with a d of .07 (K =37, N = 7,421, 95% CI [=-.03, .17]). Overall, Hypothesis 3 was partially supported in that women were more effective in middle management positions, although there were not gender differences in either lower or higher level positions.
https://apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/apl-a0036751.pdf Furthermore, a 2016 study (human-perf) of 3,367 managers and 9,670 non-managers (731 managers and 1,297 non-managers retained) shows that differences in performance ratings between men and women are again negligible and not statistically significant.
Gender differences in supervisors’ multidimensional performance ratings: Large sample evidence
We examined gender differences in supervisor ratings of overall job performance and 37 performance dimensions. Based on data from a large, diverse sample of managers (N = 3,367) and nonmanagers (N = 9,670), we found that gender had only minimal effects on ratings for a small number of specific job performance dimensions. This was generally true regardless of whether the job performance dimension was more agentic or communal in nature, whether the job was a managerial or a nonmanagerial position, and regardless of the proportion of men or women that traditionally occupy a specific job. Overall, our results are more consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis than the agency/communion paradigm, role congruity theory, and the lack of fit model. We discuss future research avenues and implications.
Women are therefore seen as performing and being as competent as men in their job
Are women as likely to be promoted than men in prestigious jobs ?
3)Glass ceiling and promotion In addition, a 2013 study of 3,053 and 57,632 directors is looking at the promotion rate in Denmark of women as CEOs. (smith2013) Observations were made from 1997 to 2007. For promotions to the position of Vice President, the gross gap is 0.6 percentage points and 1.6 percentage points for the position of CEO. In this particular case, the presence of children seems to be beneficial for men's promotions, but paternity leave is heavily sanctioned with regard to future career prospects. The field also explains the difference in the likelihood of being promoted to CEO. Indeed, Vice Presidents in Human Resources, IT and R&D are much less likely to be promoted to the position of CEO than Vice Presidents and CFOs in sales and production. However, vice presidents and senior management tend to concentrate in human resources positions, which is an important factor explaining the lower promotion rate.
Why Are So Few Females Promoted into CEO and Vice-President Positions? Danish Empirical Evidence
1997-2007
This paper analyzes the gender gap in promotion into top corporate jobs based on employer- employee data on all Danish companies. The rawVP- and CEO-promotion rates in the data set show a fairly constant distance between males and females during the period 1997-2007. In 2007, 4.6 % of the males and 3.6 % of the females in the group of potential top executives were promoted into a VP position while for promotions from VP positions into CEO positions, the same gures were 4.4 % and 2.7 %, respectively,i.e. there was a gender gap of 1 % points for VP positions and 1.7 % points for CEO positions. Many women may not find it very attractive to become CEOs because they have to give up too much to ll a CEO position compared to the alternative as being a VP or having a lower position which is more easily combined with having more kids and full take-up of maternity leave schemes and other family-friendly schemes, i.e. to rewrite the words by the former Danish CEO, Stine Bosse: Be in positions where they can still have a life.
p35 http://ftp.iza.org/dp5961.pdf All this findings suggest that women are not less promoted to CEO positions than men simply because they are women. Moreover women at CEO position are less paid but only due to the field, the risk taking.
Women in Top Management and Job Self Selection
Using a large sample of publicly traded firms from 1994-2002, we study the type of firms that female executives prefer to work in. We find that (1) female executives predominantly work in high risk firms and in high risk industries, (2) female CEOs have higher dismissal probability and female non-CEO executives (CFO, COO and President), in general, have lower tenure at office, and (3) there is significant self selection for female to work in high risk segments despite higher dismissal rates or lower tenure at job. Consistent with Bertrand and Hallock (2001), we find that, on average, female executives are paid lower than men, a result that is mainly driven by female in safer work segments. On the other hand, female executives in risky segments have comparable pay to their male counterparts. Using a size and industry male executive benchmark for each female executive, we also show that pay differential diminishes with the increase in job risk.
Does women have less access to a mentor than men do (access to network)?
According to a meta analysis on 40 studies, there is no difference of outcomes between men and women on mentoring (as a protégé or as mentor)
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Gender Differences in Mentoring
(it is not a strict quote but sum up the results. to have an idea, r=0.1 is a small effect size, r=0.30 a medium effect size and r=0.5 is a large effect size. The difference in access to the mentor is very weakly correlated with the sex of the protégé with r=-0.01 and p not significant. In addition, there is no difference in career development mentoring. Furthermore, women report having more psychological support than men (r=.01) (r=.06 very low gender correlation). Men report having served as more mentors than women (r=.07), provided more career development (r=.04) and less psychological support than women (r=.04). However, the results are heterogeneous and the magnitudes are very low. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318619 Women are seen as competent as men in politic, in companies, have about the same rate of promotions, pay raise and as likely to be hired in real situation. They have the same opportunities to access to a prestigious jobs (statut), promotion (gain in statut) pay (wealth) and mentoring (professional network). I will not treat the theme of religion because the state is separated from the Church, and there is the cult freedom. I have not tackle the problem of military power since it is indeed a form of power but is accessible to women via politic or recruitement (depending on the goals) and this power is not use among the population in usual situation.
To Conclude this part women have the same access to wealth, politic, and statut in the application.
Another remaining is :
« Are Women held back »
1)On this ground we will use the education of the parent. Does the parent raise their child in a different way, ie pushing boy to be more independant than girl ?
Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls
Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents do treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade are quite plausible. In the current set of meta-analyses, based on 126 observational studies (15,034 families), we examined mothers’ and fathers’ differential use of autonomy-supportive and controlling strategies with boys and girls, and the role of moderators related to the decade in which the study was conducted, the observational context, and sample characteristics. Databases of Web of Science, ERIC, PsychInfo, Online Contents, Picarta, and Proquest were searched for studies examining differences in observed parental control of boys and girls between the ages of 0 and 18 years. Few differences were found in parents’ use of control with boys and girls. Parents were slightly more controlling with boys than with girls, but the effect size was negligible (d = 0.08). The effect was larger, but still small, in normative groups and in samples with younger children. No overall effect for gender-differentiated autonomy-supportive strategies was found (d = 0.03). A significant effect of time emerged: studies published in the 1970s and 1980s reported more autonomy-supportive strategies with boys than toward girls, but from 1990 onwards parents showed somewhat more autonomy-supportive strategies with girls than toward boys. Taking into account parents’ gender stereotypes might uncover subgroups of families where gender-differentiated control is salient, but based on our systematic review of the currently available large data base we conclude that in general the differences between parenting of boys versus girls are minimal The parent raise their children to be autonomous, at the same extend for men AND women.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159193 Moreover, in more gender egalitarian countries, the maths anxiety among girls is higher and the parent tend to value less math among girls. It is again in contradiction with the narrative expecting that less gender egalitarian countries with greater gender stereotyope would increase the gender maths anxiety gap.
Countries with Higher Levels of Gender Equality Show Larger National Sex Differencesin Mathematics
Anxiety and Relatively Lower Parental Mathematics Valuation for Girls
Most importantly and contra predictions, we showed that economically developed and more gender equal countries have a lower overall level of mathematics anxiety, and yet a larger national sex difference in mathematics anxiety relative to less developed countries. Further,although relatively more mothers workin STEM fields in more developed countries, these parents valued, on average , mathematical competence more in theirsonsthan their daughters.The proportion of mothers working in STEM was unrelated to sexdifferences in mathematics anxiety or performance
This study shows that indeed maths is less emphasized for girls than boys in more gender equal countries but it also a part of the gender equality paradoxe. STEM are more valued for girls in less gender equal country probably to to pragmatical reason (better earning). (see the part about society) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153857 Plus, girl in non traditional family where the woman is the breadwinner is more likely to be more traditional (their own choice)
Modern Family: Female Breadwinners and the Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Norms⇤
In this paper I investigate the intergenerational transmission of gender norms. The norm I focus on is the traditional view that it is the role of the mother to look after young children and the role of the father to be the breadwinner. I develop a model of identity formation where a child’s gender norm is endogenous to two main sources of socialisation: her family on the one hand, and society at large on the other. Using data from the Next Steps survey and the International Social Survey Programme, I examine the intergenerational transmission of gender norms in England when the norms of the family, and the society it is embedded in, are oppositional. My findings indicate between-sex heterogeneity in the transmission of gender norms from parents to children. Boys raised in modern families (i.e. where the mother is the breadwinner) are less likely to develop traditional norms. However, compared to those in traditional families, girls raised in modern families are actually more likely to be traditional; in opposition to their family’s but in line with society’s norm. Examining further outcomes associated with gender norms, I find that girls raised in modern families are also less likely to state that being able to earn high wages is important for them, and are less likely to pursue a science degree at university level. I use my identity formation model to argue that these results can be explained by heterogeneity in preferences for conformity to the family, and present empirical evidence that indeed, girls in modern families are less conformist than those in traditional families. Using a regression discontinuity design, I further show that this weaker preference for conformity is in fact a result of the treatment of living in a modern family.
http://web.econ.ku.dk/eprn_epru/Seminagendernorms_march16_Mac.pdf Another point is that parent influence their children in their education but the interraction is both way and parents adapt a lot to their children. So the children are also a great factor on the parenting behavior.
Child Characteristics and Parental Educational Expectations: Evidence for Transmission with Transaction
Parents’ expectations for their children’s ultimate educational attainment have been hypothesized to play an instrumental role in socializing academically-relevant child behaviors, beliefs, and abilities. In addition to social transmission of educationally relevant values from parents to children, parental expectations and child characteristics may transact bidirectionally. We explore this hypothesis using both longitudinal and genetically informative twin data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth and Kindergarten cohorts. Our behavior genetic results indicate that parental expectations partly reflect child genetic variation, even as early as 4 years of age. Two classes of child characteristics were hypothesized to contribute to these child-to-parent effects: behavioral tendencies (approaches toward learning and problem behaviors) and achievement (math and reading). Using behavior genetic models, we find within-twin-pair associations between these child characteristics and parental expectations. Using longitudinal cross-lagged models, we find that initial variation in child characteristics predicts future educational expectations above and beyond previous educational expectations. These results are consistent with transactional frameworks in which parent-to-child and child-to- parent effects cooccur
Genetic affect also grealtly the way of parenting and the receptivness of the children. Parent adapt a lot to their children
Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Child Personality and Parenting
Parenting is often conceptualized in terms of its effects on offspring. However, children may also play an active role in influencing the parenting they receive. Simple correlations between parenting and child outcomes may be due to parent-to-child causation, child-to-parent causation, or some combination of the two. We use a multirater, genetically informative, large sample (n¼1,411 twin sets) to gain traction on this issue as it relates to parental warmth and stress in the context of child Big Five personality. Considerable variance in parental warmth (27%) and stress (45%) was attributable to child genetic influences on parenting. Incorporating child Big Five personality into the model roughly explained half of this variance. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that parents mold their parenting in response to their child’s personality. Residual heritability of parenting is likely due to child characteristics beyond the Big Five. 2) Society Does society holds back girls? Another point is that women may be held back by the social norm. Specialy in STEM where men represent the majority.
A simple hypothesis could be to take the gender equality index to assess the equality within a country (access to education healthcare etc). In less gender egalitarian countries, we would expect to find less women in STEM as they would be more held back by society, social norm and stereotype. However it is not the case. It is even the opposite. Where the gender equality index is higher, the difference is larger.
The Gender-Equality Paradox in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education
The underrepresentation of girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a continual concern for social scientists and policymakers. Using an international database on adolescent achievement in science, mathematics, and reading (N = 472,242), we showed that girls performed similarly to or better than boys in science in two of every three countries, and in nearly all countries, more girls appeared capable of college-level STEM study than had enrolled. Paradoxically, the sex differences in the magnitude of relative academic strengths and pursuit of STEM degrees rose with increases in national gender equality. The gap between boys’ science achievement and girls’ reading achievement relative to their mean academic performance was near universal. These sex differences in academic strengths and attitudes toward science correlated with the STEM graduation gap. A mediation analysis suggested that life-quality pressures in less gender-equal countries promote girls’ and women’s engagement with STEM subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617741719 More over another large sample study show that girl good abilities in maths AND reading may give them more choices than boys.
Not Lack of Ability but More Choice: Individual and Gender Differences in Choice of Careers in Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The pattern of gender differences in math and verbal ability may result in females having a wider choice of careers, in both science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM fields, compared with males. The current study tested whether individuals with high math and high verbal ability in 12th grade were more or less likely to choose STEM occupations than those with high math and moderate verbal ability. The 1,490 subjects participated in two waves of a national longitudinal study; one wave was when the subjects were in 12th grade, and the other was when they were 33 years old. Results revealed that mathematically capable individuals who also had high verbal skills were less likely to pursue STEM careers than were individuals who had high math skills but moderate verbal skills. One notable finding was that the group with high math and high verbal ability included more females than males. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612458937 Another large sample (300,000) studie tends to show a similar results.
Girls’ comparative advantage in reading can largely explain the gender gap in math-related fields
Gender differences in math performance are now small in developed countries and they cannot explain on their own the strong underrepresentation of women in math-related fields. This latter result is however no longer true once gender differences in reading performance are alsotakenintoaccount. Usingindividual-leveldata on 300,000 15-y-old students in 64 countries, we show that the difference between a student performance in reading and math is 80% of a standard deviation (SD) larger for girls than boys, a magnitude considered as very large. When this difference is controlled for, the gender gap in students’ intentions to pursue math-intensivestudiesandcareers is reduced by around75%,while gender gaps in self-concept in math, declared interest for math or attitudes toward math entirely disappear. These latter variables are also much less able to explain the gender gap in intentions to study maththanisstudents’ differenceinperformancebetweenmathand reading. These results are in line with choice models in which educational decisions involve intraindividual comparisons of achievement and self-beliefs in different subjects as well as cultural norms regarding gender. To directly show that intraindividual comparisons of achievement impact students’ intended careers, we use differences across schools in teaching resources dedicated to math and reading as exogenous variations of students’ comparative advantage for math. Results confirm that the comparative advantage in math with respect to reading at the time of making educational choices plays a key role in the process leading to women’s underrepresentation in math-intensive fields.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1905779116 The last point on the choice is that a recent meta analysis showed that increased individualism and decreased ecological stress tend to increase the gender difference of personnality traits but not the culture and stereotype itself.
Nature and evoked culture: Sex differences in personality are uniquely correlated with ecological stress
Sex differences in personality were found to be larger in more developed and more gender-equal societies. However, the studies that report this effect either have methodological shortcomings or do not take into account possible underlying effects of ecological variables. Here, a large, multinational (N = 867,782) dataset of personality profiles was used to examine sex differences in Big Five facet scores for 50 countries. Gender differences were related to estimates of ecological stress as well as socio-cultural variables. Using a regularized partial-correlation approach, the unique associations of those correlates with sex differences were isolated. Sex differences were large (median Mahalanobis' D = 1.97) and varied substantially across countries (range 1.49 to 2.48). Global sex differences are larger in more developed countries with higher food availability, less pathogen prevalence, higher gender equality and an individualistic culture. After controlling for confounds, only cultural individualism, historic pathogen prevalence and food availability remained. Sex differences in personality are uniquely correlated to ecological stress. Previously reported correlations between greater sex differences and socio-cultural liberalism could be due to confounding by influences of ecological stress.
Women have the same opportunity and access to power (politic and money), are seen as competent as men even at high responsabilities jobs (authority), take also important decisions in the family (spending power and intra family authority) and are raised to be as independant as men and not held back. So the power is not legitimated by the sex of people but on the skills, choice and some luck (good or bad) due to the contingence of life. It is more about inequalities than gender inequalities and does not tackle the « Patriarchy » but capitalism.
I'm pretty impressed that we've made it this far. At this point, we're looking at the top of players. People who have been at some points the best in the world, some who have won giant tournaments, and many who have permanently changed the face of the game. Going down this home stretch is going to get interesting. Let's start. 40. VoiD (Sheik)(Pichu)(Sheik) “If I touch you, you might just die.” While that's some strong words for a Melee player to say, it's still very achievable. However, you'd expect to see them from a Smash 4 player. In Smash 4, VoiD and Mr. R were considered to be the two premier Sheik mains. Where Mr. R depended on a consistent neutral and great offstage combos, VoiD's style was rooted in explosive play and immaculate off stay edgegaurds. While many would consider Mr. R's style to be more successful in the long run, VoiD's unique take on Smash 4 kept him a Top 15 player in the entirety of its lifespan and a household name for years. His flashy offstage plays and consistency on the national stage kept him in the public conscience for the entirety of Smash for Wii U. Void notched his first national win at Smash n Splash 4, of course, but how has he influenced the metagame? When was the last time you saw a Pichu in an Ultimate Top 8? Not too recently, right? Well, aside from what he did with Smash 4 Sheik, with spectacular results, Void unintentionally nerfed what might've been the best character in Ultimate to a niche high mid tier counterpick. Maybe not the intended effect. Now dual maining Sheik and Pichu, Void has shifted from Ultimate's favorite technical player to low tier hero. Watch him possibly regain his throne as a top 10 player in the coming years. 39. ANTi (Mario)(Meta Knight)(Zero Suit Samus)(Cloud)(Snake)(Mario)(Snake)(Diddy Kong) As someone who has read hundreds of Tristate Smashboards threads from back in the day, you can trust me when I say that Anti has always been the boisterous personality he is today. He’s been unforgettable on Twitter. Hilarious on streams. Skilled and explosive in tournaments. And who can forget his CEO 2016 entrance? Since his successful Brawl career starting in 2008, Anti has become a mainstay in tournaments the world over. In Brawl, he was noted as a Meta Knight main while occasionally bringing out Diddy Kong or Snake in tournament. Living in Long Island, he was one of the frequent attendees to Tristate tournaments, especially in doubles, and maintained Top 20 status in the game’s entire lifespan. By the release of Brawl’s sequel, Anti turned a new leaf in his approach to characters. Whereas in Brawl, he played his main, Meta Knight, in nearly every match, in Smash 4, Anti used his mains Mario, Cloud, Zero Suit Samus, and his secondaries Meta Knight, Sheik, Wii Fit Trainer, and more in serious tournament sets, eventually gaining a reputation for his wide character variety. One of my most memorable moments in spectating smash was when Anti pulled out a Charizard of all characters in the Grand Finals of the Big house 6, a thousand-plus entrant tournament. A veteran of the scene for over 11 years, world traveler, and icon for the smash community; Anti has really done it all. His inarguable best accomplishment within his lengthy career was his flashy victory at CEO, beating Samsora, Dabuz, VoiD, Mr. R, and Zinoto. 38. Fukurou (Kirby) Because of the 64 Rank's erroneous decision to stay more American centric in their ranking methods, Fukurou was unfortunately omitted in the 2016 version of the rankings, where he stayed an unknown to those not familiar with the Japanese scene. Little did they know that the Kirby specialist had been placing great at events since 2012. When he finally traveled to the United States in 2017, he performed phenomenally. His first tournament in the West was Snosa III, which he won, over 64 professionals like Mariguas, Dext3r, and Isai (albeit only going Fox). He proved that his win in California wasn't just a fluke when he traveled to Smash Con and won: Super Smash Con 2017 was the fourth biggest tournament in the game's history. Almost as silently as he came, he virtually vanished from the scene. Since his historic Smash Con victory over two years ago, Fukurou only went to four more tournaments, only one in North America, even after being crowned the best player of 2017. The greatest Smash 64 dark horse and one of the biggest mysteries of the smash scene, Fukurou's actual peak skill is a topic debated upon by many in Smash 64 circles. However unknown he is, and probably will remain, his 2017 reign of terror and great placements for almost a decade place him among the series's greats. 37. Wobbles (Ice Climbers) One thing that I love about being into all the smash games is introducing my Ultimate friends to the different players of each game. Every time I talk about Wobbles, the conversation obviously shifts to wobbling. I always ask them if they think wobbling was named after Wobbles or if Wobbles was named after wobbling. The results from the guesses are about half and half, but in reality, the technique was named after Wobbles! I bet you can understand that the player that created a tactic that single-handedly (or double handedly) rose a character from obscurity to high tier in one game and literally defined the meta of the next is on this list. I mean really, just off of Meta impact alone Wobbles could probably eke his way into the Top 100, but he has had a super successful career as well. Placing Top 10 in three separate years and being the number one ranked Melee player in Arizona for two years (even over Axe!) simply pales to his crowning achievement at EVO 2013. This Ice Climbers main found himself in the winners side of Grand Finals beating Shroomed, Mango, PPMD, and Hungrybox, yes, *three Melee Gods in one tournament,* only to buster out to the ultimate buster in two sets in Grands. 36. Moyashi (Kirby) Yeah, a lot of old Japanese players solomained Kirby. A lot. For the most part, Moyashi has faded from the public conscience but still, old school Smash 64 players know him well. The best Kirby main in the beginning years of Smash 64’s larger competitive scene, Moyashi is revered as one of the greatest 64 players to come out of Japan and one of the greatest of all time. His biggest impacts in the Smash 64 community were made between 2010 and 2015, when Kirby’s number 1 position he held in the beginning of 64’s lifespan was rescinded by the current best, Pikachu, and people even argued in favor of characters like Fox to be better. In the era of increasing unpopularity with the character, Moyashi persevered, winning some of the big tournaments that the developing Japanese scene had to offer. When he finally traveled to the United States at Apex 2014, he finished as the tournament's runner up, only falling to North America's unfailing champion, Isai, in Grand Finals. 35. Abadango (Mewtwo)(Bayonetta)(Wario)(Wario)(Inkling)(Pacman)(Palutena)(Meta Knight)(Olimar)(Meta Knight) Master of Diversity. Quick, who do you think of? Mew2King? Zackray? Oldies thinking Azen? Of all the players I have on my Top 100, Abadango would technically make the cut the most out of everyone. He has the most characters here, and for a good reason. Abadango’s career is just a character crisis happening over and over in real time. When the game wasn’t dead, he mained three character in Brawl. Who mains three characters in Brawl? Other than your cousin Malcolm when you ask him at Thanksgiving, that is. His combination of Falco, Wario, and Olimar reached moderate success in Japan in Brawl’s last few years. When Smash 4 released, Abadango got Top 8 at his first major, Apex 2015, with his main forever, Pacman. Abadango’s Apex run was a big surprise for both American and Japanese players, as he had limited success at regionals beforehand. Oh did I say Pacman? I meant to say Meta Knight, because by the summer of 2015, Abadango had the first of many character switches to Meta Knight. Knock-knock, it’s patch 1.1.3 at the door. Mewtwo’s good now, and Abadango switched characters for a second time in a span of a year, all while remaining Top 5. With the development of new techniques and months of hard practice, Abadango even won Pound 2016, becoming the first of two Japanese players to ever win a Smash 4 national. Great, right? Abadango is Top 5 in the world, he won a tournament, he’d stick to Mewtwo, right? Well following the trend of trying new DLC, Abadango picked up Bayonetta in 2017 to improved performances in Japan, albeit with quieter American performances. And, lastly, Smash 4. There’s a website that tracks how many games a player goes each character in recorded smash videos. Take a look at Abadango’s. Yeah. No character over 40%. All throughout Ultimate’s short existence, the Tokyo player has flipflopped between first Inkling, then Meta Knight, followed by Palutena chased by a good dose of Wario, because why not? And you know what’s the crazy part? He’s maintained great results the whole time. No one would say he’s the best player in the world, but he’s ranked as the 10th best player in Japan and has placed great at tournaments like 9th at EVO 2019 and 1st at Umebura SP 4. Character crisis or just ridiculous adaptation? Does it matter? Abadango is a good ass player with an even better ass career that warrants his spot in the Top 50. 34. Mr. R (Sheik)(Marth)(Chrom)(Snake)(Cloud)(Snake) Feelsbadman. I don't think any other meme/emote/political trigger hybrid could ever describe any players’ time in tournament more accurately. I watched most every Smash 4 major and time and time again, Mr. R would get bodied on stream from every single bullshit thing that made Smash 4 Smash 4. But here's the thing: Mr. R always made it to stream. In fact, the Dutchman was one of the most consistent players in the series's most inconsistent. Throughout the entirety of Smash 4, he never dropped below #10 on the rankings and, over time, chalked up some great placements, most notable being 2nd at EVO 2015. By staying an active member in social media and most big tournaments, Mr. R used his platform to not only spread memes, but to further evolve Sheik's combos, neutral, and movement in a post Zero Sheik era. This isn't even talking about how he was arguably Top 15 in Brawl at his prime and is easily the second best European player in Ultimate. Mr. R has been a meme, innovator, top player, and community figurehead. It’s no surprise that the Dutchman has made it this far in this ever so stacked list. 33. KoreanDJ (Sheik)(Fox)(Marth) The first of the documentary players to feature on the Top 100, it's impressive what KDJ accomplished in just Melee alone, and in such a short time. Seriously, his first tournament was in 2005, and, through a relentless series of money matches had established himself as a Top 5 player by the next year. His prime time came in 2006 and 2007, but then, almost as soon as he came, he vanished, competing in only a few tournaments in 2008 and vanishing completely in late 2009. Even though his time in the spotlight was brief, he made a big impact in that time. He advanced the ledgeguarding game of all three of his characters, especially Sheik. His influence stretches all the way to today. Just last month (depending on when you read this) the deciding stock of Captain Faceroll vs Mew2King was a deep offstage fair, prompting many in the Melee Stats discord and even Twitch chat to say that he did it to em the “KDJ Style.” His metagame impact comes hand in hand with how he changed the face of tournaments. His repetitive beatdowns of Ken shifted the world’s perception on the matchup, as well as solidified his respect in the top. In one of early Melee's most stacked tournaments, the MLG Las Vegas Finals, he placed 2nd in one of the first "summit style" events in smash history. KDJ returned in 2012 only to disappear once more due to hand problems and a lack of motivation. Nevertheless, the flashy Sheik will always live on in GOAT discussions, whether shifting the metagame, being a scary threat in retro tournaments, or just as the first big face you meet in the documentary. What a player. 32. Nietono (Olimar)(Sheik)(Diddy Kong)(Pichu)(MetaKnight) I'm sure many people in this thread that follow smash are familiar with Nietono, but maybe not sure why he's so far in the list. After all, he never got too high in Smash 4. According to the PGR, he peaked at 32nd, remaining in the 35-50 range for the rest of the game. If you go by the PGR, Nietono doesnt have that much sauce in Ultimate either, finishing 45th in the most recent PGR (albeit with me and many others thinking he was extremely underrated on it). What really brought Nietono fame and his spot this far up on the list was his incredible Brawl career. He started attending large tournaments in 2010, quickly commanding a prescence in Japanese smash circles. By 2011, he became a top 2 Japanese player, commanding the Tokyo scene and winning most of the tournaments on his side of the country. In 2012, Nietono reached the arguable peak in his career, placing second at Apex, defeating fatal, Nakat, Larry Lurr, Esam, Ally, ADHD, Nairo. By the close of Brawl, Nietono had achieved legendary status for Brawl players, and this isnt even talking about what he did to Olimar. Picking off where Brood started, Nietono raised Olimar from 8th place in the July 2011 tier list, all the way to second in the April 2012 one. What an improvement! By honing in on the "gay" style that American and Japanese Olimars had used to moderate success, Nietono transformed the niche high mid tier character to a fierce top tier threat to where he sits now, as the third best character in the game(edited)Great results, success over three games, metagame impacts, Nietono really has it all but a national win. Pay attention closely to see if he'll close in on that last criteria in the next years of Ultimate. 31. Axe (Pikachu)(Falco)(Young Link) Axe If you've taken a glance at any of the characters of each player in the list so far, you can probably tell at least one thing: there's a lot of Smash 64 Pikachu. In the development of Melee, Sakurai and friends, uh, toned down the character for the next installment. Now a mid tier, most players completely disregarded the mouse as unviable and incapable of doing anything good. Yet one player persisted. Throughout his over a decade long career, Axe attended hundreds of tournaments in Arizona and worldwide. He cracked the Top 20 for the first time in 2010 and just kept persevering. In a time when many of his contemporaries shot past him playing objectively better characters, Axe stayed loyal with Pikachu, just aiming to keep with his strategy that he had all along: just have fun with it. As everyone knows, Axe reached the peak of his career (so far!) at Smash Summit 8 winning the whole tournament, being the first Pikachu to win a supermajor and the first time he ever won a tournament. After Axe placed 2nd at Get on my Level 2019 beating Wizzrobe, Leffen, SFat, Westballz, and S2J, ePengu from Cheddar esports [interviewed him](https://youtu.be/ZwP_mQMGPrI) asking what he did to get to that point. Axe responded with this: "If you're not having fun with the game, you're going to start getting really frustrated, getting in your own head, not being able to continue. So in my opinion, to be successful, or at least this is what works for me, you just gotta have a good time with it." Later in the interview, Axe describes his training mostly being playing fun friendlies like "Roy vs Ness" with Vectorman or random dittos with Mango on their Wednesday streams. Anyone after watching the video could be skeptical, and rightfully so. You look at the greats of Melee, hell, even any game and their training regimens much different. Just look at Mew2King and Armada's training: hours of long practice and intense personal discipline, getting the same thing done over and over again. This lax style couldn't work, right? Axe's singles tournament right after GOML was Smash Summit 8. Axe does what he loves with a smile and the results are there. I can't wait to see what he'll do in the next few years with Pikachu and beyond. Until next time then, friends.
Welcome back to a resuscitated /baseball recurring series, (far off) Anniversaries in Baseball. The premise is simple: time, like baseball, is a flowing stream, that changes much less than we like to think it does. This series is about reflecting and remembering upon baseball events, or jerks, and real-world intrusions that made up a certain year exactly a few decades away. I attempt to convey this by merging primary and secondary sources through a variety of mediums to paint a portrait of the season in review. For the next few weeks, until the end of 2019, we will be drawing our thoughts back to ’19, ’29, ’39, ’49, ’59 to better understand our shared past and our sublimely important present- I ask you to join me on a quest through time to preserve a precious perspective and I hope you enjoy the series. Please include any feedback or thoughts in the comments section. This particular issue is going to factor in a bit more "World History" than the others, simply because of the disastrous tone the year 1919 took was reflected on in the baseball season. World Leaders: (There really wasn’t any population estimates because the war had ended two months prior, so here’s where the lines were drawn) Winners: *England *:Prime Minister David L. George United States of America: Woodrow Wilson France: President of the Council of Ministers Georges Clemenceau Italy: Prime Minister Francesco S. Nitti Canada: Prime Minister Robert Borden Cuba: Governor Mario G. Menocal Losers: Russia: Supreme Ruler Alexander V. Kolchak Weimar Republic: SDS Leader and President Friedrich Ebert Ottoman Empire: Mehmed VI Others: China: President Xu Scichang, Beiyang government Japan: Emperor Yoshihito Mexico: President Venustiano C. Garza Persia: Shah Qajar January- March: We have another New Year’s Day baby, when Sol and Marie Sallinger first met their infant, Jerome David on Manhattan Island. Later that week, former President Theodore Roosevelt died on the 6th. Future HoF’er James Henry “Orator Jim” O’ Rourke died two days later on the 8th in Bridgeport, CT of pneumonia contracted while walking home from a consultation appointment one week earlier. He played baseball for 23 years and is credited with the first NL hit while holding a law degree from Yale.. He started playing semi-pro ball only three years after the Civil War and by 1877 he was hitting .362 in the NL. On the 16th of that same month, The U.S. congress ratified prohibition which would take effect one year from that day. More importantly to the geo-political landscape of the world, on the 18th the Paris Peace Conference opened, tasked with sorting out the horrific formalities of The Great War, having been recently decided with the United States’ last-minute entrance. The date was symbolic, according to dispatch from the Guardian:
The great conference was formally opened at the Quai d’Orsay, yesterday on the 48th anniversary of that scene, so calamitous to Europe, when the German Empire was proclaimed at Versailles on the eve of the capitulation of Paris. If anyone had chanced to be present at both ceremonies, he would have been struck by a sense of contrast. The meeting in the Galerie des Glaces gave birth to a new order which has been a fatal burden to Europe. The meeting at the Quai d’Orsay is to give birth to a new order to which all mankind is looking for freedom and peace.
On the 20th, the group of representatives from more than two dozen countries began discussing punishments for the “warmongering” Kaiser, without Germany. The Conference was buzzing along through its second week on Jan. 31, when in Cairo, GA, sharecroppers Mallie and Jerry Robinson were honored with the birth of their fifth child, who they named after the recently deceased president: Jack Roosevelt Robinson. Six days later, on February 5th, four of the largest movie-picture stars in America: Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin, D.W. Griffin and Mary Pickford created and agreed to the United Artists Corporation, in an attempt to control their artwork and profits more directly. There was no block booking for the new movie studio, and the actors and directors themselves controlled much of the common stock. That same day, in the National League offices, the Cincinnati Reds were making a case of corruption against a former player, Hal Chase. He was accused all throughout baseball for throwing games to his gambler friends while leading the league in hitting with .339 in his first year in Cincinnati, 1916. What triggered this hearing? Several Reds reported to their manager, Christy Mathewson, that they had seen or overheard Chase discuss his bets on the team. The NL president decided the suit when Mathewson was still serving in France:
"The testimony shows that Chase acted in a careless manner, both on the field and among the players, and that the club was justified in bringing the charges, in view of the many rumors which arose from the loose talk of the first baseman. In substance, the player was charged with making wagers against his club in games in which he participated. In justice to Chase, I feel bound to state that both the evidence and the records of the games to which reference was made, fully refute this accusation."
On Feb. 19th, the Reds traded him to the Giants and he signed his contract the day his old manager Christy Mathewson was named their assistant manager. On Feb. 25th, the state of Oregon created the first gas tax in U.S. history of a penny. On that same day in Haleburg Alabama, 81 miles west of Cairo, Monford Merrill “Monte” Irvin awoke to his first day of life. Only a few hours later on the 26th, President Wilson signed Senate Bill 390 which designated the Grand Canyon as a national park. Almost a month later, on March 23rd, Benito Mussolini founded the Italian fascist movement as a direct response to post-WWI turmoil. At this point in the year, however, spring was busting open and baseball was beginning to unveil itself again. The only problem was- baseball had taken such a hit in 1918: the “work or fight” movement derailed the season and it prematurely concluded with an almost false-World Series. This year, the season would be cut to 140 games and every owner lost money in the process. Still, many teams traveled to the south per usual for spring training. The Yankees and Tigers to Macon, GA, the Indians to New Orleans, the Red Sox to Tampa. The Phillies to Charlotte, the Robins to Jacksonville, the Pirates to Birmingham, the Braves to Columbus, GA and the Giants to Gainesville. While the Cardinals and A’s stayed put in the home parks, most of the rest of the teams settled in Texas, which was once the hot spot for Spring Training but was now losing its popularity. Still, the Reds showed up to Waxahachie, the O’s to San Antonio and the White Sox to the fabled health center, Mineral Wells. Their offseason was turbulent:
No one was quite sure how Gleason’s team would fare in the pennant race. The White Sox’ lack of pitching depth behind Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams was cited as a major concern by Chicago Tribunereporter Irving Sanborn, who predicted on April 20, “Unless he has a lot of luck developing new pitchers … (Gleason) is going to have a hard time keeping his team in the first division of the American League.” Veteran Red Faber, who had won three games in the 1917 World Series, was hampered by arm and ankle injuries, and he had come down with the flu virus and could not shake it. A global influenza epidemic had killed more than 600,000 Americans in the winter of 1918-19 alone. Faber’s condition was noticeably weak during spring training and it took him all year to fully recover.
How could we get into this much of 1919 without commenting on the global pandemic gripping the world: the Spanish flu virus? The world’s first wide war had given humanity an unwanted gift: bird flu, the H1N1 virus. Why call it the Spanish flu virus? Because the pandemic arose during the war, any country fighting censored reports of the disease, leaving neutral countries like Spain to wonder what was going on. No one knows where it started, but some estimates say 3-5% of the world’s population died. 10-20% of humanity was infected, including 28% of the American population. The worst year was 1918, but with the political instability the Great War had caused, the chaos of human civilization was seeping into baseball. As we would see, the White Sox would be in the center of a troubled, shaky world. Before teams departed from Spring training, a man put in the ground work to his legend. Red Sox two-way player George H. Ruth was on the starting nine for the Boston club in an exhibition game in Tampa, where he hit an estimated 587 ft. home run. Ruth and dingers this year would be a common theme, but this homer resonated far after his career was over- and this was important because Ruth had just ended a hold out with the Boston front office. PLAY BALL!: Until the 19 of April, 1919, Sunday baseball in New York was illegal. Governor Al Smith signed a bill repealing the blue laws, which opened up a new wave of passion for the national pastime on Sundays, when workers have the day off and are able to attend games. The president of the NL, Mr. Heydler, said:
I feel sure that baseball will have one of the greatest revivals in the history of the sport during the coming season, and I expect to see 1919 prove to be one of our banner years. I make this prediction more as a lover of baseball than as a baseball official… I believe the public can look forward to one of the most interesting seasons it has ever known.
144 years to the day after the Lexington and Concord skirmishes that started the rebellion, the season got under way. The Robins completed a sweep of their twinbill against the Braves- the rest of the teams got underway on that Wednesday the 23rd. One week later, if you had awoke in America to inspect the standings, you would see the 6-1 White Sox at the top of the AL and the undefeated 6-0 Reds at the top of the NL. You would have seen another full slate of games for that day: the Robins and Phillies tied a wild 20 inning game, where both starters (HoF) Burleigh Grimes and Joe Oeschger went the distance. Oeschger yielded 24 hits and only got two punchouts. Both teams scored 3 runs in the 19th before home plate umpire (HoF) Bill Klem called the game. But over the past few days in America, anarchists sent sticks of dynamite to the residences of prominent anti-labor and conservative politicians, specifically designed to coincide with May Day. The governor of Mississippi, Theodore G. Bilbo, the Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, the police commissioner and mayor of NYC, John D. Rockefeller, Chicago District Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis and Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, among others. The country was horrified --) would the violence and revolts that were racking Germany seep into America? Fear spread like air throughout the country and the government quickly rounded up suspects. Only two days after May Day, a composer and his violinist wife welcomed their son, Peter Seeger, into the world in Manhattan. Three days later, on the 6th, the Yanks lineup featured leadoff hitter and 24-year old rookie George Halas in a game against the 3-7 A’s. Halas got 4 PA’s before being removed for a pinch hitter and got his first hit in the Yankee loss. Rambling through the days to the 11th, Halas was still in the leadoff spot for a matchup against the Senators. Walter Johnson and Jack Quinn each went 12 innings- and Halas collected 2 of Johnson’s 9 K’s that day. In fact, Johnson gave up a double in the first and put down the next 28 batters until surrendering a leadoff single in the 11th. The game ended locked at 0 because of a curfew, but at least they were able to play the game after the disappearance of the blue laws. Johnson’s masterpiece was not the most amazing pitching performance of the day. The Reds were sitting in second place when they took on the bottom-feeding Cardinals. The game went by uneventfully in the first inning just before player-manager Rogers Hornsby led off the second with a walk. He was thrown out trying to steal second, and Reds starter used that momentum to only give up two more walks the entire game, achieving a no hitter in the process. This was the first no hitter at Crosley Field and Eller used his shine ball to baffle the Cards, according to this thought provoking look back.. On May 20th, the 9-8 Red Sox ran out onto the field of Sportsman Park to play the Browns. In the second inning, the first three Sox hitters Harry Hooper, Jack Barry and Amos Strunk all reached base.. Their teammate, Babe Ruth, socked a ball over the fence for his first career grand slam, to put his club ahead 4-0, his second regular season dinger of 1919. JUNE: A month had passed, but the red scare was just beginning with more dynamite sticks flying into unsuspecting residences. The next wave of anarchist strikes occurred on the 2 with larger bombs arriving at judges and mayors’ doorsteps, as well as a second bomb directed at AG Palmer, each carrying this message:
War, Class war, and you were the first to wage it under the cover of the powerful institutions you call order, in the darkness of your laws. There will have to be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder: we will kill, because it is necessary; there will have to be destruction; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions.
Palmer was not home when the pipe bomb went off. His neighbors across the street, Franklin and Elenore Roosevelt, walked past his door moments before the explosion and were only feet away from serious injury. Roosevelt was the assistant secretary to the Navy, tasked by Palmer to root out “homosexual behaviors” in the navy. FDR did this by arresting and trying veterans for sodomy. Roosevelt began expanding the illegal investigation harshly and was rebuked by Palmer, who shut down the investigation.. The calls of violent mayhem were not just coming from inside the house. Mexican revolution leader Francisco “Pancho” Villa organized an attack on nationalist forces in Ciudad Juarez, which his godson carried out at his wishes on the evening of the 14th. As the bullets hit buildings in nearby El Paso, the United States army got nervous and invaded Juarez to calm down tensions. Two American citizens were killed and over 90 Mexican soldiers and civilians died. One day after the tensions subsided, on the 17th, the New York Giants (30-14) prepared to play the Chicago Cubs (25-21) at Weeghman Field. Cubs ace Pete Alexander notched a win after giving up two runs to the Giants in the second. Hal Chase was playing at first and got a hit but was removed for a pinch hitter in the late innings. This would be the major league debut of Frankie Frisch. Strikes, bombs and violence was not just the new normal in Mexico and America at this drawn out summer of 1919. Back in mid-May, the entire population of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, went on strike. The population wanted more worker protections and a better life. The strike surged until the leaders of it found themselves behind bars on the same day Frisch made his debut. On the 21st, Canadian soldiers began a silent parade on main street and were met by Mounties with pistols, who unloaded their ammunition into the crowd, wounding 30. These battles between common folk and police, revolutionary leaders and military soldiers were occurring all over the world as the general population waited for the countries to settle their differences in Paris. All throughout this year, this season, the grand leaders sat in rooms hashing out the new world order and as you can imagine, this was quite an exclusively elusive bunch. A former baker from a Boston hotel, born in French Indochina and living in London, co-wrote a letter to the assembly asking them to attend on behalf of their home nation. He was Vietnamese and argued for the creation of a country under the yoke of French occupation, one of several foreign entities that had invaded and tried to control their countryside. In fact, the man who called himself Nguyen Ai Quac showed up at the conference and demanded to speak to President Wilson!. This did not happen and Nguyen the Patriot would find different political idols in France- communists. On the 28th, the leaders emerged from their comfy halls of power to alert their subjects that they had agreed on terms and at the suggestion of Woodrow Wilson, established the “League of Nations”. Wilson embarked on a vigorous campaign to convince the isolationist country to join the world powers. JULY: On the 28th of the former month, Brooklyn’s Ed Konetchy went 3-3 in his plate appearances. In fact, he got a hit every single plate appearance until the 1st, when hit his 10th straight baseball in 10 tries at the box, setting the major league record for consecutive hits. Four days later, on the fifth, was Halas’s last PA in baseball. A hip injury forced his retirement but he continued playing semi-pro baseball and football back home in Ohio. He got a day job at a starch manufacturer, A.E. Staley. He served in sales and ran the company football team, the Decatur Staleys and by 1922 coach George Halas was guiding the Chicago Bears through the infant seasons of the NFL. One day after Halas left the stage, Chicago Cubs president/manager Fred Mitchell gave up his job of controlling the business side of his roster to his VP, William Veeck Sr., a former sportswriter. Veeck would transform the team with shrewd moves, partnered with the infant radio industry and he brought his son, William Veeck Jr., along with him. The Chicago they lived and worked in was not cheerful or peaceful. As soldiers burst back into domestic life, black soldiers began questioning the Jim Crow system that terrorized them at home. Back in May, NAACP co-founder W.E.B. DuBois published an essay, “Returning Soldiers”--) and scolded the status quo which supported lynching and encouraged ignorance. He ended with a call to arms:
This is the fatherland for which we fought! But it is our fatherland. It was right for us to fight. The faults of our country are our faults. Under similar circumstances, we would fight again. But by God of Heaven, we are cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land. We return We return from fighting We return fighting Make way for Democracy! We saved it in France, and by the Great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America, or know the reason why.
By 1919, the rest of the country was tightly segregated but Chicago, mostly, was not. Beaches along Lake Michigan were, and that’s where we go on the 27th. The White Sox were 6 games up in first place, the Cubs had Pete Alexander toeing the bump and a unknown white attacker on a beach in Chicago stoned a black swimmer to death. America’s common man poet, Carl Sandburg, wrote an essay about the race riots that ensued and ripped the city apart. A major societal trend was occurring- African Americans were leaving the Black Belt in the South, which they had clung to since Emancipation, for better job opportunities in the industrial north. Sandburg reported on what we call now the “Great Migration”, and predicted the chaos earlier in the year. For a week, gangs of Irish citizens and rabble rousing racists donned blackface and lit up immigrant neighborhoods to stoke tension among the races. The mayor and the governor haggled over the specifics of sending the national guard as 23 African American citizens were hunted down and murdered. Gangs, like the Hamburg Athletic Club continued escalating the violence because they occupied south side neighborhoods stuck in the middle. History will never know for sure if Hamburg Athletic Club gangster, 17-year-old future mayor Richard Daley, took part in busting skulls of protesting African Americans. AUGUST: By the 4th, Chicago declared the riots had subsided. Now, the battle that occupied their time was in the National League Standings, where the Reds and Giants swung back and forth through the next few weeks. Twenty days later on the 24th, the 28-79 Athletics sent their abysmal hitters up to face the Cleveland Indians at League Park, against Ray Caldwell. The Indians scored twice in the fourth, around the time the foreboding sky started to emit rain and Caldwell waltzed out in the 5th and surrendered his only run. With two outs in the ninth, Caldwell needed one more out to end the game and bared down- when he was struck by lightning and knocked unconscious. A sportswriter described the scene:
“There was a blinding flash that seemed to set the diamond on fire and Caldwell was knocked flat from the shock of it.”
Caldwell came to, stood back up, and retired the last A’s hitter for the victory. This kept the Indians 8 games back of the White Sox, who were the first team to score over 500 runs. The next day, the 25th, in Clio, Alabama, George Corley Wallace Jr. entered the great stage of life. SEPTEMBER- Entering the 8th of this month, the defending pennant winning-Red Sox were squarely out of the race. Their bright young pitcher, Babe Ruth, was in his first year of a three-year pact and was slowly transitioning into an electrifying power hitter when he wasn’t pitching. He set the AL record in homers in July and on this day he set the major league record with his 26th homer, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Yankees in the Polo Grounds. Harry Hooper also hit his third home run. The 66-53 Yanks wouldn’t get much better luck later in the week, on Wednesday the tenth the red-hot Cleveland club came to town. Ray Caldwell, fresh after his run in with a bolt of electricity in the sky, got two quick supporting runs from his team in the top half of the first. He knocked in his second double of the season later in the game and was a walk away from a perfect game. Caldwell’s first no hitter occurred less than a month after being struck by lightning. Earlier back in the year, Giants manager John McGraw traveled to the Ohio farm of Harry F. “Slim” Sallee and offered him a contract. Sallee was focused on retirement but noted he would only play for a team close by, in this case, Cincinnati. McGraw walked away and watched as Sallee achieved great things as a control master lefty for the Reds. He even got his own day at the ballpark, for his start on the 21st. He threw 65 pitches in total and finished his complete game shutdown of the Giants in 55 minutes. Six days later on the 27th, the last Saturday of the regular season, Babe Ruth became the first AL hitter to homer in every park. The October matchup was already decided: White Sox vs. Reds. POSTSEASON- The White Sox were the best team in baseball, but their success originated from their clique-driven clubhouse. Team captain and superstar Eddie Collins, his future Cooperstown buddy Ray Schalk and others were well-paid and good at their jobs. The second half of the clubhouse- Eddie Cicotte, Happy Felsch and 1B Buck Weaver were culturally on a different planet. Weaver was underpaid, and in his search for money contacted a Boston bookie to place a bet against his own team. “According to the grand-jury testimony of Eddie Cicotte, his faction first began to discuss the feasibility of throwing the upcoming World Series during a train trip late in the regular season”. There was still the persistent rumor that the Cubs threw the previous World Series to Ruth’s Sox, and Hal Chase had escaped hot water over his close ties to gamblers. Lefty Williams and Joe Jackson joined the fix during the off days before the Series. Every player demanded their 10k share but only Cicotte got his before the series, which began on the first. At this point, according to “Eight Myths Out” from SABR,, the Chicago owner Charles Comiskey knew about the fix, as did famously connected gambler Arnold Rothstein and Hal Chase. Cicotte hit the first batter in the back as a signal that the fix was on. Here’s the footage. The Reds scored a run in that inning but Chicago answered it. In the fourth, Cicotte made a throwing error and the Reds ended the inning with five runs, eventually winning 9-1. The Reds won again the next day on Sallee’s masterful performance, to go up 2-0 and rolled into the south side of Chicago, still smoldering from the race riots earlier. Not all the cheating players had received their share and the White Sox had a rookie pitcher who was not in on the fix for game 3, so the club got their first series win. Eddie Cicotte was scheduled to start the next day, and after Jackson and Cicotte made obvious errors, the Reds went up 3-1. For what its worth, Cicotte would later mention he tried to win that game. All the White Sox went cold in October, going 26 innings without plating a run during the series. After a rain delay gave the teams their first off day, the Reds lost the next game 5-0. Jackson finally got support from his teammates the next game which led to a 5-4 White Sox win. Cicotte pitched up to snuff in game seven to give White Sox fans hope. Lefty Williams started game eight and gave up a four spot in the first. The Reds won 10-5 and their first World Series. Some writers and fans had questioned the White Sox for their sloppy errors and their owner Comiskey led an investigation that confirmed the truth. He buried the news, ruled Gandil ineligible and hoped no one would find the skeleton in his closet. This scandal would rock baseball to its core for generations and was one of the most famous events from this year with the faulty myths. In that first week of October, however, throwing the World Series was not the only thing occurring behind closed doors. Woodrow Wilson crisscrossed the country to campaign for his League of Nations to see its ratification in the Senate. In April, he contracted H1N1 and his sickly picture of health and asthma loomed ominously. For days, Wilson [ignored his health and felt painful headaches](https://www.pbs.org/newshouhealth/woodrow-wilson-stroke). On the day of game two of the WS, he either got up from bed and collapsed or woke up to feel his left hand numb. It was a stroke- he was paralyzed on his left side. Partially blind in his right eye. Suffered a UTI infection three weeks later and another bout of influenza the next year. Just like the White Sox scandal, it would take months for the American public to get wind of just how serious it had been. Until then, his wife, Edith became the de-facto president, our first female executive. Her duties included, in her own words:
I studied every paper sent from the different Secretaries or Senators and tried to digest and present in tabloid form the things that, despite my vigilance, had to go to the President. I, myself, never made a single decision regarding the disposition of public affairs. The only decision that was mine was what was important and what was not, and the very important decision of when to present matters to my husband.
Would the chaos, the suffering, the pain of 1919 continue into the next decade? Was violence, corruption, disease and the lying be the new normal? Around this time, a young veteran in Germany, disillusioned with the ridiculous post-war society joined the German Workers Party. They convinced him to make his first public speech at the Hofbraukeller brewery in Munich on the 16th of October. According to Adolph Hitler, it was the Jews who were to blame for the 1919 post-war madness. Over one hundred brown shirts in the brewery latched on to Hitler’s ideas quickly and his public speaking scheduled increased as President Wilson attempted to regain his health after the stroke. November-December Historians would later call the summer of 1919 the “Red Scare”, where conservative forces in the government and its citizens lashed out against reformers, socialists, and African Americans with zeal as anarchists and foreign revolutions spread fear. AG Palmer had been a victim of the bombs earlier in the year. This August, he appointed 24-year-old J. Edgar Hoover to prosecute political threats from foreigners and leftists. Hoover forged a pact with local cops to conduct a raid on November 7th, as Wilson sat in bed. Many of the humans they arrested were later freed and Palmer drew condemnation for the raids that bear his name, if little of his actual handiwork. Jumping ahead to December 12, inching toward 1920, the major league owners met and decided to severely limit the use of the spitball, allowing two players on each roster to continue the practice. After the 1920 season, the number would go down to one, allowing several pitchers to be grandfathered in. Toward the end of the year world health officials celebrated the end of the Spanish Flu epidemic and as fans would learn in 1920, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sent George H. “Babe” Ruth for a hundred thousand dollars and a 350-thousand-dollar loan for Frazee’s new Broadway play, tied to a mortgage on Fenway Park. STANDINGS
Attack of the Fanboy - Kyle Hanson - 5 / 5 stars (Switch)
The simple fact is that The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is one of the best games ever made. It marks a turning point for the medium that will be learned from for some time. It is a system seller in every sense of the word, and if you don't already have a way to play it, you owe it to yourself to find one.
Cerealkillerz - Gabriel Bogdan - German - 9 / 10 (Switch, Wii U)
Despite a weak performance on the TV and some unimaginative Riddles, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild presents itself as probably the best launch title of the current console generation. The enormous open world leaves little to be desired and the main quests will surely entertain you over 10-15 hours.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is a culmination of every small step Nintendo’s made with the series resulting in one of the most satisfying games I’ve ever played.
This isn't your typical boiler plate open world cash grab, rife with to-do lists and busywork. Zelda: Breath of the Wild is an evolution of the formula for both eastern and western philosophies alike, and a new blueprint.
Nintendo has achieved something really special with Breath of the Wild. All that’s holding it back are the glaring framerate issues, but even that’s not enough to dim the greatness that shines through. After trying for nearly a decade, the Zelda team has finally made a radical departure from the established Zelda formula. This is a bold new direction for the series, one that so perfectly embraces the spirit of the original NES adventure and re-imagines it for a new generation. Rather than striving to outdo Ocarina of Time, Nintendo has given us something entirely different, yet its impact is just as profound. Breath of the Wild is a landmark game that’s hopefully just the start of an amazing future for Link’s continuing adventures.
While Breath of the Wild doesn't follow the standard Zelda formula, it may be the quintessential example of the Zelda spirit. With a stunningly beautiful and interactive world, surprising difficulty, and a dizzying amount of riddles and puzzles, there's no end to the secrets hidden in the vast land of Hyrule.
There is no other way to define The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild other than sheer genius. Link's immense and extremely ambitious quest takes the series into new heights, as it introduces elements of survival and item management, bringing new life into a saga that now puts the players in the middle of an open and free roaming adventure, rewarding explorers at every single moment with its beautiful settings and far-reaching worlds. Nintendo has delivered and Breath of the Wild is one of the shiniest stars that could ever light up a new system upon its launch.
Game Revolution - Jonathan Leack - 5 / 5 stars (Switch)
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild isn’t just good, it’s the best launch title I’ve ever played. It will single-handedly validate the purchase of the Switch for many people, and given the device's $299 price tag that's a huge accomplishment.
No matter how gorgeous its environments are, how clever its enemies are, and how tricky its puzzles get, the fact that Breath of the Wild continues to surprise you with newfound rules and possibilities after dozens of hours is by far its most valuable quality. It's a game that allows you to feel gradually more and more empowered yet simultaneously manages to retain a sense of challenge and mystery--which, together, creates a steady, consistent feeling of gratification throughout the entire experience. Breath of the Wild is a defining moment for The Legend of Zelda series, and the most impressive game Nintendo has ever created.
It's a liberating experience by recent Zelda standards--and one that guarantees everyone's voyage will be unique and truly their own. It's an adventure that is frequently brilliant, and puts exploration and freedom back at the forefront, giving you true agency over your own adventure. While it may not be perfect, such as with the lacking story, uneven voicework, and everything about that stupid inventory, it otherwise provides an extremely promising foundation for Nintendo to build and improve on and I can't wait to see where the series takes it next.
I’ve mentioned Ocarina of Time a few times, and there’s a reason – it is the benchmark by which all other Zelda games are tested. Somehow, and beyond all of my expectations, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild exceeds that mark. I can confidently declare that Breath of the Wild is the best Zelda game ever made.
This sense of wonder is something that I haven’t felt so strongly since I played A Link to the Past when I was seven years old. Ocarina of Time was able to capture some of that same magic in my teenage years. Now that I’m in my thirties, I don’t think that I expected it to be possible for a game to make me feel like that again. I’ve been reviewing video games for twelve years now, and I’m used to describing games in a certain way. “This game controls well. This mechanic is innovative. The graphics are stunning. The skill tree feels limited.” That type of language doesn’t adequately convey how Breath of the Wild made me feel. Nintendo may have changed so many long-standing traditions of the Zelda franchise, but the spirit of discovery is as strong as it’s ever been no matter your age. I didn’t think I’d feel the Zelda magic this strongly ever again, but I couldn't be happier to be proven wrong.
The Nintendo Switch launch title takes the Zelda franchise to a whole new level, producing something even greater than the sum of its finely honed parts
Triumphant. Groundbreaking. The pinnacle of Zelda.
Metro GameCentral - GameCentral - 10 / 10 (Switch)
The best Zelda there’s ever been, and very possibly the best video game ever made.
Nintendo Life - Thomas Whitehead - 10 / 10 (Switch)
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is a landmark release for its franchise and Nintendo. It's the first time that Nintendo has truly taken on the open-world genre in a current-generation sense; in arriving late to the party, though, it embraces some strengths from top-of-the-class games while also forging its own identity. This game is a revolution for the franchise, but the Legend of Zelda essence is still there - its soul remains.The end result, then, is a captivating experience. This will be in the running as the best game in the IP's history, and it will likely be discussed as a leading contender in the broader open-world genre. Nintendo has bravely taken one of its biggest franchises in a new direction, and it's delivered a triumph.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild has forever changed the franchise – a feat accomplished by looking to the past. Nintendo have captured the sense of wonder, danger, and awe that they created in 1986, and embedded it in a vast, enthralling world.
Paste Magazine - Garrett Martin - 9.7 / 10 (Switch)
The depth you expect, the open exploration and constant sense of discovery the series is known for, are here in perhaps greater effect than ever before, but with the systems and mechanics that drive the moment-to-moment action heavily overhauled. The result is a Zelda that feels unmistakably like a Zelda, but that also breathes new life into the venerable classic. It’s too early to fully weigh it against the historical record, but if forced to rank the entire coterie of Zelda games, Breath of the Wild would come in near the very top.
I guess, in the end, it's not just that Breath of the Wild signals that Zelda has finally evolved and moved beyond the structure it's leaned on for so long. It's that the evolution in question has required Nintendo to finally treat its audience like intelligent people. That newfound respect has led to something big, and different, and exciting. But in an open world full of big changes, Breath of the Wild also almost always feels like a Zelda game — and establishes itself as the first current, vital-feeling Zelda in almost 20 years.
Based on the first 30 hours, Nintendo's first big Switch game is a masterpiece that can suck a player in for a 10-hour session and leave her wanting more
The most special Nintendo game in years, Breath of the Wild is an incredibly polished mixture of myriad ideas we've seen before - but never in a package quite like this.
Simply put, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is the best launch title I've ever played. It's captivated me more than any game with a system launch, and it's rocketed straight into number one on my all-time favourite Zelda games. You could play it on Wii U, where it's still a fantastic game — clearly the best on the console. But it's that little bit more special to have such an amazing, massive game on a handheld system. Wherever you play, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild was worth the wait.
The Digital Fix - Andrew Phillips - 10 / 10 (Switch)
Having played numerous RPGs over many years, it's tough to think of one that is as spellbinding and so moreish as this. A modern day marvel on the Nintendo Switch, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is simply stunning.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild dramatically updates this venerable and beloved series, bringing new ideas into the fold which, while seemingly taking inspiration from others, seamlessly adapts them to fit and never loses its own identity. It’s refreshingly new and familiar at the same time, making for both one of the greatest launch titles and the sweetest swan songs any console could wish for.
Being billed as the huge system seller I picked up Breath of the Wild with some astronomical expectations that I never dreamed it could match. However, it has managed to, at least in the early going. I feel consumed by the game and am desperate to explore more of it and find all the dungeons I can to make sure Link is well prepared to face Ganon when the time comes.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild draws from many sources of inspiration, including older Zelda games and titles like Skyrim and The Witcher 3, to create something wholly unique. Nintendo has crafted a wide, beautiful world to explore, underpinned with some interesting emergent mechanics. Breath of the Wild stands as one of the best in the series and a great opener for Nintendo's newest console.
Breath of the Wild is an absolute masterpiece, and may well be the best The Legend of Zelda game ever made. Despite a few minor technical issues, this a truly unforgettable experience.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild exceeds lofty expectations on the Nintendo Switch, cementing it as one of the best installments in the beloved series to-date.
Minor technical problems aside, this is one of gaming's greatest and most storied series returning with something we've never seen before. Breaking all the conventions of the series, and even a few general gaming conventions, Breath of the Wild is essential for any self-respecting gamer. A new bar has been set in open world gaming.
Stars and Stripes - Michael S. Darnell - A+ (Switch)
Even with that pedigree, “Breath of the Wild” stands among the best the series has to offer. I wasn’t able to say this with “Skyward Sword” or “Twilight Princess,” but I can see a future in which this game sits alongside “Ocarina” and “A Link to the Past” as the most cherished “Zelda” titles.
These are just some of the reasons why, after several dozen hours of play and despite not yet seeing its quest to completion, I am convinced that it is one of the very finest video games ever made.
Everyeye.it - Francesco Fossetti - Italian - 9 / 10 (Switch)
Link's biggest adventure turns a blind eye to some technical insecurities but bets everything on an inimitable style, a perfect mix between fantasy and fantastic, perfect incarnation of a thin and modern fable.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is massive, dense, and incredibly satisfying to explore. It suffers from a few frustrations, most notably the strange desaturation filter that pervades the graphics, but they're all easily forgivable when held against the sheer scope and variety of what you can do in the game. This is the biggest and most impressive Zelda game we've seen yet, and after 30 hours in Hyrule I'm still finding new things. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild easily earns a PCMag Editors' Choice.
In reinvigorating the Zelda series, Nintendo has rediscovered what gave it life all those years ago, capturing a spirit of adventure that flows through Breath of the Wild like the breeze on Hyrule's fields. Link and Princess Zelda's battle to save Hyrule and vanquish evil has rarely felt like such a personal journey, thanks to a masterful game defined by its peerless, charming and truly beautiful setting. A masterpiece.
I was entranced by this version of Hyrule, and it surprised me at nearly every turn, from its wealth of discoveries to the way it shuns the established tropes of previous Zelda games. It represents a profound new direction for one of gaming’s best franchises and a new high point for open-world interactive experiences.
Digital Chumps - Steve Schardein - 10 / 10 (Switch)
This is it, folks. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is Nintendo’s Magnum Opus. It’s not only the best Zelda game ever created, it’s also one of the very best videogames in the history of the art. Games like this are so rare that it would be impossible to classify it as anything other than a masterpiece. Experience it at all costs.
All the time spent making a big open world could have gone into making things Zelda fans want and expect: many varied dungeons, cool new weapons, or an interesting story. Instead we got BOTW. Exploring can be fun, but it doesn't make up for a lack of other things I want and expect in a Zelda game, and while there are enjoyable moments in Breath of the Wild simply extending the amount of time it takes to get from point A to point B does nothing to advance the series in a meaningful way.
This is an amazing, standout entry in a series with a history dotted with masterpieces. It absolutely reinvents the Zelda style while still staying true to what makes past games work so well. This is a hell of a way to kick off a new console (or close one out if you play it on Wii U), as Breath of the Wild is one of the most impressive games I’ve played in years.
You know when you were a kid, in the summer, you used to have huge pretend adventures in the back garden with all your mates? Where the shed was a castle and the hedge was a jungle? And it was like really having an adventure? This is sort of like that.
After spending a week utterly immersed in Nintendo's open-world reimagining of the tried-and-true Zelda formula, it's hard to return to the more formulaic entries of the franchise's past. Breath of the Wild is an instant classic and a brave new direction for a series that has been stuck in some of its ways for far too long.
It's like nothing else Nintendo has made, an experience so simultaneously prodigious and accomplished that it feels like a mind-blowing mic drop to the sort of "open world" games (Grand Theft Auto V, The Elder Scrolls: Skyrim, The Witcher 3) the industry seems bent on proliferating.
In this modern age of objective-laden open worlds, convoluted skill trees and tiresome hand-holding, that sense of real adventure – that you might find something that no one else in the world has seen – is all too rare. And a Zelda game may have been the last place in the world you expected to find it.
We Got This Covered - Jowi Gerard-Meli - 4.5 / 5 stars (Switch)
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is a landmark achievement for both the Zelda franchise and Nintendo as a whole. It’s a brave new step into uncharted territory that continues to offer surprises and challenges long into its massive running time. I can’t overstate how great it is to see the Big N taking risks again — though the vast majority of them do pay off, I have to admit I felt a good deal of affection even when the chances they took fell flat. This is an adventure that people will be talking about for a long time to come, and let’s hope that encourages the beloved Japanese developer to keep trying new things as it moves into a new generation of interactive entertainment.
We've marched off to free Hyrule from Ganon's clutches time and time again, but this is the first Zelda game in which you can really, truly lose yourself.
For me this is the best Legend of Zelda since Ocarina of Time. Nintendo might not be the genius pioneer of the 80s and 90s anymore, but here they prove that they still can redefine themselves and set creative marks.
IGN Spain - Juan García - Spanish - 10 / 10 (Switch)
One of those games that you have to play. A great adventure and an excellent beginning for Nintendo's new console.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is no mere Zelda game — it is a return to form for the decades-old series, showing that Nintendo still very much understands how to handle their property. Breath of the Wild may not only be the best Zelda game ever produced, but it rivals Super Mario 64 and Halo: Combat Evolved for the best launch game ever shipped with any console. With no exception, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is a masterclass in game design and creativity, unprecedented from even Nintendo.
There is always something new to discover, but at your own pace. Somehow, the adventure never loses momentum over dozens of hours of exploration, the inspired design holds up, making for an unmistakable Zelda game that completely changes everything expected from the series.
Nintendo took insane risks with Breath of the Wild. Such big risks that I felt alienated when I first played it. That's quite the bold move considering that you run the risk of alienating fans completely. But over time, I grew to realize the brilliance in.
In many respects, it's nearly perfect for the game you'd want with you on a long journey, as long as you've got a plug, but is it a masterpiece? Well we've been gaming for too long now to easily throw out accolades like that, so we're going to settle for a very good 89% with a proviso that you can safely add another 5% to the score if Minecraft-like collecting and cooking and fiddly inventory management are plus points in your gaming vocabulary. Regardless where your tolerances lie, we're sure that Breath of the Wild is, like the rest of the series, going to be remembered fondly for many years to come.
The characters are amazing, the world is gorgeous, the enemies make you become a better fighter, and the shrines and dungeons constantly force you to pay attention to your surroundings and think. It is an absolutely extraordinary game, one that is a fitting end to the Wii U and glorious beginning for the Switch.
It's one of the best video games I've ever played, and is sure to keep you busy for many hours, days and weeks, exploring this vast, beautiful, unexpected world. I can't speak to the Wii U version, but I'm sure either version will delight and inspire. Don't miss this one, even if you're not a fan of older Zelda games. New fans and old fans alike will find so much to love in this game.
Breath of the Wild is without a doubt one of the best and most complex games in Nintendo's history. With an open world full of wonders, its addictive ambience seduces you constantly to explore the depths of Hyrule while it defies the best of your skills with perfect mechanics in combat. By far is among the most enjoyable sandbox games.
This is the pinnacle of adventuring, Zelda style. It takes the core elements that fans know and love from Nintendo's long-standing series, and mixes it smoothly in with gorgeous open-world exploration of Xenoblade Chronicles, to craft something so breath-taking and absorbing that hours upon hours will pass by without notice, and barely any progress will have actually been made in the main story because there were so many other aspects to take in and play around with, as well as sub-missions that fit so naturally into the core quest. Nintendo has outdone itself with The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild - absolutely sublime work.
More importantly, Breath of the Wild is still very much a traditional Zelda adventure at its heart. Smart puzzles, dungeon-dwelling bosses, charming characters, and imaginative storytelling are still on the agenda. In fact, thanks to inspired new powers spawned from the mysterious Sheika Slate, puzzle-filled Shrines, brilliantly crafted enemy encounters, and a beautiful world brimming with life, the game's more familiar beats are better than ever.
DigitalCentralMedia - Jordan Michael - 87% (Switch)
The Legend of Zelda Breath of The Wild is an excellent game and it's the best launch game to date. Everyone who has a Nintendo Switch should buy this game. It’s one of the best Zelda games to release.
Miyamoto and Aonuma are never tired of repeating, that the main thing in The Legend of Zelda games is that absolute feeling of discovery. Breath of the Wild reveals this emotion better than any part of the series. It's amazing how the developers have managed to bring so many different concepts, mechanics and stories together and offer them in a form of an open, organic, and natural world. At the same time they have put the advanced physics engine to the basis of the game, leaving a huge space for experiments. You need time to acknowledge the impact of Breath of the Wild on the genre development and the following games of the series. But we can already say that the most ambitious and innovative "Zelda" for the last 20 years is right in front of us.
This latest Zelda installment is a real breath of fresh air...
Let's Play Video Games - Laura Dale - 100% (Switch, Wii U)
I’ve honestly fallen head over heels in love with Breath of the Wild in a way I’ve not fallen in love with an open world game before. While many of the singular elements I’ve spoken about here may not sound terribly groundbreaking for the genre, the way they come together once you’re a couple of hours deep is some of the best paced, polished and fun open world design I have ever experienced. The separate parts combine into something far exceeding their sum total.
With Breath of the Wild, Nintendo has built a living, breathing world that you never want to leave. If you’re a newcomer to the series, a longtime fan or just want to see what all the hype is about, you won’t be disappointed.
I think the result of all of its interlocking systems is a game that wants to slam you with moments of epiphanies. For me, my experience with Link’s Awakening was about getting that one major flash of insight and then using that to understand the rest of the game and then the rest of the Zelda series. For Breath of the Wild, Nintendo made a game that could replicate that moment over and over.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is simultaneously the swan song for Wii U, and the greatest possible beginning for Nintendo Switch. The experience is so phenomenal, it deserves to be in the conversation about the best Zelda game of all-time, if not the best games of all-time. When I say Breath of the Wild is a must-play title, it's not hyperbole, you simply must play this game.
The unique order of these experiences has only been possible thanks to Breath of the Wild's willingness to let me act on a whim. It's a type of freedom I haven't experienced in years and a complete 180 from Skyward Sword. I'm completely intrigued by this game and I haven't even traversed my first dungeon yet. I don't know what the next 10 hours hold -- hopefully a dungeon -- but right now I'm gobsmacked by how enjoyable this romp through Hyrule has been.
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is hands down the most sophisticated, best open world game we have ever seen- and also the best Zelda game, the best Nintendo game, and quite possibly, the greatest game of all time as well.
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