I am posting this as I hope it will help other Australian options traders trading in US options with their tax treatment for ATO (Australian Tax Office) purposes. The ATO provides very little guidance on tax treatment for options trading and I had to do a lot of digging to get to this point. I welcome any feedback on this post.

The Deloitte Report from 2011

My initial research led me to this comprehensive Deloitte report from 2011 which is hosted on the ASX website. I've been through this document about 20 times and although it's a great report to understand how different scenarios apply, it's still really hard to find out what's changed since 2011.
I am mainly relating myself to the scenario of being an individual and non-sole trader (no business set up) for my trading. I think this will apply to many others here too. According to that document, there isn't much guidance on what happens when you're an options premium seller and close positions before they expire.
Note that the ATO sometimes uses the term "ETO" (Exchange Traded Option) to discuss what we're talking about here with options trading.
Also note: The ATO discusses the separate Capital Gains Tax ("CGT") events that occur in each scenario in some of their documents. A CGT event will then determine what tax treatment gets applied if you don't know much about capital gains in Australia.

ATO Request for Advice

Since the Deloitte report didn't answer my questions, I eventually ended up contacting the ATO with a request for advice and tried to explain my scenario: I'm an Australian resident for tax purposes, I'm trading with tastyworks in $USD, I'm primarily a premium seller and I don't have it set up with any business/company/trust etc. In effect, I have a rough idea that I'm looking at capital gains tax but I wanted to fully understand how it worked.
Initially the ATO respondent didn't understand what I was talking about when I said that I was selling a position first and buying it to close. According to the laws, there is no example of this given anywhere because it is always assumed in ATO examples that you buy a position and sell it. Why? I have no idea.
I sent a follow up request with even more detail to the ATO. I think (hope) they understood what I meant now after explaining what an options premium seller is!

Currency Gains/Losses

First, I have to consider translating my $USD to Australian dollars. How do we treat that?
FX Translation
If the premium from selling the options contract is received in $USD, do I convert it to $AUD on that day it is received?
ATO response:

Subsection 960-50(6), Item 5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) states the amount should be translated at the time of the transaction or event for the purposes of the Capital Gains Tax provisions. For the purpose of granting an option to an entity, the time of the event is when you grant the option (subsection 104-20(2) ITAA 1997).

This is a very detailed response which even refers to the level of which section in the law it is coming from. I now know that I need to translate my trades from $USD to $AUD according to the RBA's translation rates for every single trade.
But what about gains or losses on translation?
There is one major rule that overrides FX gains and losses after digging deeper. The ATO has a "$250k balance election". This will probably apply to a lot of people trading in balances below $250k a lot of the FX rules don't apply. It states:

However, the $250,000 balance election broadly enables you to disregard certain foreign currency gains and losses on certain foreign currency denominated bank accounts and credit card accounts (called qualifying forex accounts) with balances below a specified limit.

Therefore, I'm all good disregarding FX gains and losses! I just need to ensure I translate my trades on the day they occurred. It's a bit of extra admin to do unfortunately, but it is what it is.

Credit Trades

This is the scenario where we SELL a position first, collect premium, and close the position by making an opposite BUY order. Selling a naked PUT, for example.
What happens when you open the position? ATO Response:

The option is grantedCGT event D2 happens when a taxpayer grants an option. The time of the event is when the option is granted. The capital gain or loss arising is the difference between the capital proceeds and the expenditure incurred to grant the option.

This seems straight forward. We collect premium and record a capital gain.
What happens when you close the position? ATO Response:

Closing out an optionThe establishment of an ETO contract is referred to as opening a position (ASX Explanatory Booklet 'Understanding Options Trading'). A person who writes (sells) a call or put option may close out their position by taking (buying) an identical call or put option in the same series. This is referred to as the close-out of an option or the closing-out of an opening position.
CGT event C2 happens when a taxpayer's ownership of an intangible CGT asset ends. Paragraph 104-25(1)(a) of the ITAA 1997 provides that ownership of an intangible CGT asset ends by cancellation, surrender, or release or similar means.
CGT event C2 therefore happens to a taxpayer when their position under an ETO is closed out where the close-out results in the cancellation, release or discharge of the ETO.
Under subsection 104-25(3) of the ITAA 1997 you make a capital gain from CGT event C2 if the capital proceeds from the ending are more than the assets cost base. You make a capital loss if those capital proceeds are less than the assets reduced cost base.
Both CGT events (being D2 upon granting the option and C2 upon adopting the close out position) must be accounted for if applicable to a situation.

My take on this is that the BUY position that cancels out your SELL position will most often simply realise a capital loss (the entire portion of your BUY position). In effect, it 'cancels out' your original premium sold, but it's not recorded that way, it's recorded as two separate CGT events - your capital gain from CGT event D2 (SELL position), then, your capital loss from CGT event C2 (BUY position) is also recorded. In effect, they net each other out, but you don't record them as a 'netted out' number - you record them separately.
From what I understand, if you were trading as a sole tradecompany then you would record them as a netted out capital gain or loss, because the trades would be classified as trading stock but not in our case here as an individual person trading options. The example I've written below should hopefully make that clearer.
EXAMPLE:
Trade on 1 July 2020: Open position

• SELL -1 SPY 85 PUT, exp 30 August 2020
• Collect Premium USD$1 per unit, and brokerage USD$5
  • = USD$100 premium collected, minus USD$5
  • = Net amount of USD$95 collected
• FX Translation rate on the date of the trade: AUD $1.00 = $USD 0.70
  • Net Premium Collected in $AUD
  • = USD$95 x (1/.7)
  • = AUD$135.71
• CGT Event D2 triggered and a capital gain of $135.71 is recorded

Trade on 15 July 2020: Close position

• BUY 1 SPY 85 PUT, exp 30 August 2020
• Pay Premium $0.50 per unit, and brokerage $5
  • = $50 premium paid, plus $5
  • = Net amount of USD$55 paid
• FX Translation rate on the date of the trade: AUD $1.00 = $USD 0.60
  • Net Premium Collected in $AUD
  • = USD$55 x (1/.6)
  • = AUD$91.66
• CGT Event C2 triggered and a capital loss of $91.66 is recorded

We can see from this simple example that even though you made a gain on those trades, you still have to record the transactions separately, as first a gain, then as a loss. Note that it is not just a matter of netting off the value of the net profit collected and converting the profit to $AUD because the exchange rate will be different on the date of the opening trade and on the date of the closing trade we have to record them separately.
​
What if you don't close the position and the options are exercised? ATO Response:

The option is granted and then the option is exercisedUnder subsection 104-40(5) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) the capital gain or loss from the CGT event D2 is disregarded if the option is exercised. Subsection 134-1(1), item 1, of the ITAA 1997 refers to the consequences for the grantor of the exercise of the option.
Where the option binds the grantor to dispose of a CGT asset section 116-65 of the ITAA 1997 applies to the transaction.
Subsection 116-65(2) of the ITAA 1997 provides that the capital proceeds from the grant or disposal of the shares (CGT asset) include any payment received for granting the option. The disposal of the shares is a CGT event A1 which occurs under subsection 104-10(3) of the ITAA 1997 when the contract for disposal is entered into.
You would still make a capital gain at the happening of the CGT event D2 in the year the event occurs (the time the option is granted). That capital gain is disregarded when the option is exercised. Where the option is exercised in the subsequent tax year, the CGT event D2 gain is disregarded at that point. An amendment may be necessary to remove the gain previously included in taxable income for the year in which the CGT event D2 occurred.

This scenario is pretty unlikely - for me personally I never hold positions to expiration, but it is nice to know what happens with the tax treatment if it ultimately does come to that.

Debit Trades

What about the scenario when you want to BUY some options first, then SELL that position and close it later? Buying a CALL, for example. This case is what the ATO originally thought my request was about before I clarified with them. They stated:

When you buy an ETO, you acquire an asset (the ETO) for the amount paid for it (that is, the premium) plus any additional costs such as brokerage fees and the Australian Clearing House (ACH) fee. These costs together form the cost base of the ETO (section 109-5 of the ITAA 1997). On the close out of the position, you make a capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost base of the ETO and the amount received on its expiry or termination (subsection 104-25(3) of the ITAA 1997). The capital gain or loss is calculated on each parcel of options.

So it seems it is far easier to record debit trades for tax purposes. It is easier for the tax office to see that you open a position by buying it, and close it by selling it. And in that case you net off the total after selling it. This is very similar to a trading shares and the CGT treatment is in effect very similar (the main difference is that it is not coming under CGT event A1 because there is no asset to dispose of, like in a shares or property trade).

Other ATO Info (FYI)

The ATO also referred me to the following documents. They relate to some 'decisions' that they made from super funds but the same principles apply to individuals they said.

The ATO’s Interpretative Decision in relation to the tax treatment of premiums payable and receivable for exchange traded options can be found on the links below. Please note that the interpretative decisions below are in relation to self-managed superannuation funds but the same principles would apply in your situation [as an individual taxpayer, not as a super fund].

Premiums Receivable: ATO ID 2009/110

• Key quote from this decision: CGT Event D2 will apply on the writing of an ETO by the Fund. The Fund as grantor of the option will make a capital gain (or loss) of the difference between the capital proceeds (that is, the premium receivable) and the cost of granting the option (for example, brokerage fees) at the time the option is granted
• My take on this is that you will realise a capital gain on issuing of the selling position. I don't see how you could realise a capital loss in that scenario? Or maybe if you sell a position and the brokerage is so high that it outweighs the premium received (a dumb trade) then that would be a capital loss (a rare scenario).
• Premiums Payable: ATO ID 2009/111
• Key quote from decision: When the Fund opens a position by buying an ETO, no immediate taxation consequences arise. CGT Event C2 will happen to the Fund when its position under an ETO is closed out where the close-out results in the cancellation, release or discharge of the ETO

Some tips

• Don't forget to declare your trades on your tax return and keep a nice spreadsheet
• Keep track of the exchange rates for each day you make a trade. You could do as you go and check the RBA exchange rates website for the daily number, or just do it all at once at the end of the financial year
• Finally - I recommend ensuring that you save a portion of your income to pay the capital gains tax at the end of the year so you don't have to withdraw it from your portfolio and pay exchange rate fees to convert it back to Australian dollars. It will depend on your marginal tax rate what that percentage will work out to be in the end.

Hello, dummies
It's your old pal, Fuzzy.
As I'm sure you've all noticed, a lot of the stuff that gets posted here is - to put it delicately - fucking ridiculous. More backwards-ass shit gets posted to wallstreetbets than you'd see on a Westboro Baptist community message board. I mean, I had a look at the daily thread yesterday and..... yeesh. I know, I know. We all make like the divine Laura Dern circa 1992 on the daily and stick our hands deep into this steaming heap of shit to find the nuggets of valuable and/or hilarious information within (thanks for reading, BTW). I agree. I love it just the way it is too. That's what makes WSB great.
What I'm getting at is that a lot of the stuff that gets posted here - notwithstanding it being funny or interesting - is just... wrong. Like, fucking your cousin wrong. And to be clear, I mean the fucking your *first* cousin kinda wrong, before my Southerners in the back get all het up (simmer down, Billy Ray - I know Mabel's twice removed on your grand-sister's side). Truly, I try to let it slide. I do my bit to try and put you on the right path. Most of the time, I sleep easy no matter how badly I've seen someone explain what a bank liquidity crisis is. But out of all of those tens of thousands of misguided, autistic attempts at understanding the world of high finance, one thing gets so consistently - so *emphatically* - fucked up and misunderstood by you retards that last night I felt obligated at the end of a long work day to pull together this edition of Finance with Fuzzy just for you. It's so serious I'm not even going to make a u/pokimane gag. Have you guessed what it is yet? Here's a clue. It's in the title of the post.
That's right, friends. Today in the neighborhood we're going to talk all about hedging in financial markets - spots, swaps, collars, forwards, CDS, synthetic CDOs, all that fun shit. Don't worry; I'm going to explain what all the scary words mean and how they impact your OTM RH positions along the way.
We're going to break it down like this. (1) "What's a hedge, Fuzzy?" (2) Common Hedging Strategies and (3) All About ISDAs and Credit Default Swaps.
Before we begin. For the nerds and JV traders in the back (and anyone else who needs to hear this up front) - I am simplifying these descriptions for the purposes of this post. I am also obviously not going to try and cover every exotic form of hedge under the sun or give a detailed summation of what caused the financial crisis. If you are interested in something specific ask a question, but don't try and impress me with your Investopedia skills or technical points I didn't cover; I will just be forced to flex my years of IRL experience on you in the comments and you'll look like a big dummy.
TL;DR? Fuck you. There is no TL;DR. You've come this far already. What's a few more paragraphs? Put down the Cheetos and try to concentrate for the next 5-7 minutes. You'll learn something, and I promise I'll be gentle.
Ready? Let's get started.
1. The Tao of Risk: Hedging as a Way of Life
The simplest way to characterize what a hedge 'is' is to imagine every action having a binary outcome. One is bad, one is good. Red lines, green lines; uppie, downie. With me so far? Good. A 'hedge' is simply the employment of a strategy to mitigate the effect of your action having the wrong binary outcome. You wanted X, but you got Z! Frowny face. A hedge strategy introduces a third outcome. If you hedged against the possibility of Z happening, then you can wind up with Y instead. Not as good as X, but not as bad as Z. The technical definition I like to give my idiot juniors is as follows:
Utilization of a defensive strategy to mitigate risk, at a fraction of the cost to capital of the risk itself.
Congratulations. You just finished Hedging 101. "But Fuzzy, that's easy! I just sold a naked call against my 95% OTM put! I'm adequately hedged!". Spoiler alert: you're not (although good work on executing a collar, which I describe below). What I'm talking about here is what would be referred to as a 'perfect hedge'; a binary outcome where downside is totally mitigated by a risk management strategy. That's not how it works IRL. Pay attention; this is the tricky part.
You can't take a single position and conclude that you're adequately hedged because risks are fluid, not static. So you need to constantly adjust your position in order to maximize the value of the hedge and insure your position. You also need to consider exposure to more than one category of risk. There are micro (specific exposure) risks, and macro (trend exposure) risks, and both need to factor into the hedge calculus.
That's why, in the real world, the value of hedging depends entirely on the design of the hedging strategy itself. Here, when we say "value" of the hedge, we're not talking about cash money - we're talking about the intrinsic value of the hedge relative to the the risk profile of your underlying exposure. To achieve this, people hedge dynamically. In wallstreetbets terms, this means that as the value of your position changes, you need to change your hedges too. The idea is to efficiently and continuously distribute and rebalance risk across different states and periods, taking value from states in which the marginal cost of the hedge is low and putting it back into states where marginal cost of the hedge is high, until the shadow value of your underlying exposure is equalized across your positions. The punchline, I guess, is that one static position is a hedge in the same way that the finger paintings you make for your wife's boyfriend are art - it's technically correct, but you're only playing yourself by believing it.
Anyway. Obviously doing this as a small potatoes trader is hard but it's worth taking into account. Enough basic shit. So how does this work in markets?
2. A Hedging Taxonomy
The best place to start here is a practical question. What does a business need to hedge against? Think about the specific risk that an individual business faces. These are legion, so I'm just going to list a few of the key ones that apply to most corporates. (1) You have commodity risk for the shit you buy or the shit you use. (2) You have currency risk for the money you borrow. (3) You have rate risk on the debt you carry. (4) You have offtake risk for the shit you sell. Complicated, right? To help address the many and varied ways that shit can go wrong in a sophisticated market, smart operators like yours truly have devised a whole bundle of different instruments which can help you manage the risk. I might write about some of the more complicated ones in a later post if people are interested (CDO/CLOs, strip/stack hedges and bond swaps with option toggles come to mind) but let's stick to the basics for now.
(i) Swaps
A swap is one of the most common forms of hedge instrument, and they're used by pretty much everyone that can afford them. The language is complicated but the concept isn't, so pay attention and you'll be fine. This is the most important part of this section so it'll be the longest one.
Swaps are derivative contracts with two counterparties (before you ask, you can't trade 'em on an exchange - they're OTC instruments only). They're used to exchange one cash flow for another cash flow of equal expected value; doing this allows you to take speculative positions on certain financial prices or to alter the cash flows of existing assets or liabilities within a business. "Wait, Fuzz; slow down! What do you mean sets of cash flows?". Fear not, little autist. Ol' Fuzz has you covered.
The cash flows I'm talking about are referred to in swap-land as 'legs'. One leg is fixed - a set payment that's the same every time it gets paid - and the other is variable - it fluctuates (typically indexed off the price of the underlying risk that you are speculating on / protecting against). You set it up at the start so that they're notionally equal and the two legs net off; so at open, the swap is a zero NPV instrument. Here's where the fun starts. If the price that you based the variable leg of the swap on changes, the value of the swap will shift; the party on the wrong side of the move ponies up via the variable payment. It's a zero sum game.
I'll give you an example using the most vanilla swap around; an interest rate trade. Here's how it works. You borrow money from a bank, and they charge you a rate of interest. You lock the rate up front, because you're smart like that. But then - quelle surprise! - the rate gets better after you borrow. Now you're bagholding to the tune of, I don't know, 5 bps. Doesn't sound like much but on a billion dollar loan that's a lot of money (a classic example of the kind of 'small, deep hole' that's terrible for profits). Now, if you had a swap contract on the rate before you entered the trade, you're set; if the rate goes down, you get a payment under the swap. If it goes up, whatever payment you're making to the bank is netted off by the fact that you're borrowing at a sub-market rate. Win-win! Or, at least, Lose Less / Lose Less. That's the name of the game in hedging.
There are many different kinds of swaps, some of which are pretty exotic; but they're all different variations on the same theme. If your business has exposure to something which fluctuates in price, you trade swaps to hedge against the fluctuation. The valuation of swaps is also super interesting but I guarantee you that 99% of you won't understand it so I'm not going to try and explain it here although I encourage you to google it if you're interested.
Because they're OTC, none of them are filed publicly. Someeeeeetimes you see an ISDA (dsicussed below) but the confirms themselves (the individual swaps) are not filed. You can usually read about the hedging strategy in a 10-K, though. For what it's worth, most modern credit agreements ban speculative hedging. Top tip: This is occasionally something worth checking in credit agreements when you invest in businesses that are debt issuers - being able to do this increases the risk profile significantly and is particularly important in times of economic volatility (ctrl+f "non-speculative" in the credit agreement to be sure).
(ii) Forwards
A forward is a contract made today for the future delivery of an asset at a pre-agreed price. That's it. "But Fuzzy! That sounds just like a futures contract!". I know. Confusing, right? Just like a futures trade, forwards are generally used in commodity or forex land to protect against price fluctuations. The differences between forwards and futures are small but significant. I'm not going to go into super boring detail because I don't think many of you are commodities traders but it is still an important thing to understand even if you're just an RH jockey, so stick with me.
Just like swaps, forwards are OTC contracts - they're not publicly traded. This is distinct from futures, which are traded on exchanges (see The Ballad Of Big Dick Vick for some more color on this). In a forward, no money changes hands until the maturity date of the contract when delivery and receipt are carried out; price and quantity are locked in from day 1. As you now know having read about BDV, futures are marked to market daily, and normally people close them out with synthetic settlement using an inverse position. They're also liquid, and that makes them easier to unwind or close out in case shit goes sideways.
People use forwards when they absolutely have to get rid of the thing they made (or take delivery of the thing they need). If you're a miner, or a farmer, you use this shit to make sure that at the end of the production cycle, you can get rid of the shit you made (and you won't get fucked by someone taking cash settlement over delivery). If you're a buyer, you use them to guarantee that you'll get whatever the shit is that you'll need at a price agreed in advance. Because they're OTC, you can also exactly tailor them to the requirements of your particular circumstances.
These contracts are incredibly byzantine (and there are even crazier synthetic forwards you can see in money markets for the true degenerate fund managers). In my experience, only Texan oilfield magnates, commodities traders, and the weirdo forex crowd fuck with them. I (i) do not own a 10 gallon hat or a novelty size belt buckle (ii) do not wake up in the middle of the night freaking out about the price of pork fat and (iii) love greenbacks too much to care about other countries' monopoly money, so I don't fuck with them.
(iii) Collars
No, not the kind your wife is encouraging you to wear try out to 'spice things up' in the bedroom during quarantine. Collars are actually the hedging strategy most applicable to WSB. Collars deal with options! Hooray!
To execute a basic collar (also called a wrapper by tea-drinking Brits and people from the Antipodes), you buy an out of the money put while simultaneously writing a covered call on the same equity. The put protects your position against price drops and writing the call produces income that offsets the put premium. Doing this limits your tendies (you can only profit up to the strike price of the call) but also writes down your risk. If you screen large volume trades with a VOL/OI of more than 3 or 4x (and they're not bullshit biotech stocks), you can sometimes see these being constructed in real time as hedge funds protect themselves on their shorts.
(3) All About ISDAs, CDS and Synthetic CDOs
You may have heard about the mythical ISDA. Much like an indenture (discussed in my post on $F), it's a magic legal machine that lets you build swaps via trade confirms with a willing counterparty. They are very complicated legal documents and you need to be a true expert to fuck with them. Fortunately, I am, so I do. They're made of two parts; a Master (which is a form agreement that's always the same) and a Schedule (which amends the Master to include your specific terms). They are also the engine behind just about every major credit crunch of the last 10+ years.
First - a brief explainer. An ISDA is a not in and of itself a hedge - it's an umbrella contract that governs the terms of your swaps, which you use to construct your hedge position. You can trade commodities, forex, rates, whatever, all under the same ISDA.
Let me explain. Remember when we talked about swaps? Right. So. You can trade swaps on just about anything. In the late 90s and early 2000s, people had the smart idea of using other people's debt and or credit ratings as the variable leg of swap documentation. These are called credit default swaps. I was actually starting out at a bank during this time and, I gotta tell you, the only thing I can compare people's enthusiasm for this shit to was that moment in your early teens when you discover jerking off. Except, unlike your bathroom bound shame sessions to Mom's Sears catalogue, every single person you know felt that way too; and they're all doing it at once. It was a fiscal circlejerk of epic proportions, and the financial crisis was the inevitable bukkake finish. WSB autism is absolutely no comparison for the enthusiasm people had during this time for lighting each other's money on fire.
Here's how it works. You pick a company. Any company. Maybe even your own! And then you write a swap. In the swap, you define "Credit Event" with respect to that company's debt as the variable leg . And you write in... whatever you want. A ratings downgrade, default under the docs, failure to meet a leverage ratio or FCCR for a certain testing period... whatever. Now, this started out as a hedge position, just like we discussed above. The purest of intentions, of course. But then people realized - if bad shit happens, you make money. And banks... don't like calling in loans or forcing bankruptcies. Can you smell what the moral hazard is cooking?
Enter synthetic CDOs. CDOs are basically pools of asset backed securities that invest in debt (loans or bonds). They've been around for a minute but they got famous in the 2000s because a shitload of them containing subprime mortgage debt went belly up in 2008. This got a lot of publicity because a lot of sad looking rednecks got foreclosed on and were interviewed on CNBC. "OH!", the people cried. "Look at those big bad bankers buying up subprime loans! They caused this!". Wrong answer, America. The debt wasn't the problem. What a lot of people don't realize is that the real meat of the problem was not in regular way CDOs investing in bundles of shit mortgage debts in synthetic CDOs investing in CDS predicated on that debt. They're synthetic because they don't have a stake in the actual underlying debt; just the instruments riding on the coattails. The reason these are so popular (and remain so) is that smart structured attorneys and bankers like your faithful correspondent realized that an even more profitable and efficient way of building high yield products with limited downside was investing in instruments that profit from failure of debt and in instruments that rely on that debt and then hedging that exposure with other CDS instruments in paired trades, and on and on up the chain. The problem with doing this was that everyone wound up exposed to everybody else's books as a result, and when one went tits up, everybody did. Hence, recession, Basel III, etc. Thanks, Obama.
Heavy investment in CDS can also have a warping effect on the price of debt (something else that happened during the pre-financial crisis years and is starting to happen again now). This happens in three different ways. (1) Investors who previously were long on the debt hedge their position by selling CDS protection on the underlying, putting downward pressure on the debt price. (2) Investors who previously shorted the debt switch to buying CDS protection because the relatively illiquid debt (partic. when its a bond) trades at a discount below par compared to the CDS. The resulting reduction in short selling puts upward pressure on the bond price. (3) The delta in price and actual value of the debt tempts some investors to become NBTs (neg basis traders) who long the debt and purchase CDS protection. If traders can't take leverage, nothing happens to the price of the debt. If basis traders can take leverage (which is nearly always the case because they're holding a hedged position), they can push up or depress the debt price, goosing swap premiums etc. Anyway. Enough technical details.
I could keep going. This is a fascinating topic that is very poorly understood and explained, mainly because the people that caused it all still work on the street and use the same tactics today (it's also terribly taught at business schools because none of the teachers were actually around to see how this played out live). But it relates to the topic of today's lesson, so I thought I'd include it here.
Work depending, I'll be back next week with a covenant breakdown. Most upvoted ticker gets the post.
*EDIT 1\* In a total blowout, $PLAY won. So it's D&B time next week. Post will drop Monday at market open.

February 2030
The rollout of the GCC currency union has been planned for almost three decades, dating back to 2001 when the Supreme Council of the GCC set the goal of creating a common currency by 2010. It has been a saga of seemingly infinite delays, with deadlines coming and going, pushed back due to debates over what shape the union should take and how its governance should function.
Most recently, Saudi Arabia pushed the idea of reviving the single currency in 2020, but this initiative died when the country broke into civil war in 2023. It lingered in limbo until 2026 when the UAE convinced the GCC to move ahead with the implementation of the single currency, to be called the Khaleeji, by 2027.
When the Arab Oil Embargo against China started in 2027, everyone with half a brain thought that this would lead to another delay of the Khaleeji project. Surely the people in charge of implementing the new currency would not be stupid enough to try to roll out the new currency in the middle of a geopolitical economic crisis?
This did not turn out to be the case. For some reason (we’ll chalk it up to incompetency, but who the hell really knows?), the Gulf States decided to push ahead with the implementation of the Khaleeji later that year.
It went about as well as expected--which is to say, not at all. The Arab Gulf States immediately found themselves eating through foreign currency reserves trying to prop up the 1.00:3.00 Khaleeji:USD exchange rate (which was selected since it is around the current pegged exchange rate between several Gulf currencies and the USD-- the Bahraini Dinar trades at 1.00:2.65, the Kuwaiti Dinar trades at 1.00:3.27, and the Omani Rial trades at 1.00:2.60). Though the oil embargo was lifted at the end of 2028, confidence in the new currency is somewhat shaky, making the 1:3 exchange rate difficult to maintain. Still, not everything is bad for the new currency: with Bahrain mostly stabilized and set to join the currency union later this year, and Saudi Arabia on its way there, the Khaleeji should soon have two new adherents, boosting the power of the currency.
In order to ease some of these concerns and reverse FOREX outflows, the Central Bank in Dubai has elected to devalue the Khaleeji by about 6 percent, dropping its exchange rate to 1.00:2.80. This is expected to improve the health of the currency, which should translate into better economic performance. It’ll also have the unintended consequence of making exports from within the currency union relatively cheaper on the international market, boosting exports a little (except for oil and natural gas exports, which are traded in USD). Between these two policies, the Khaleeji should be stabilized, barring any sort of unfortunate shake ups in the global markets in the near future.
The Benefits of the Khaleeji
Perhaps the most immediately apparent benefit of the Khaleeji for the Arab Gulf States is how it has made trade between the GCC member states significantly easier. Previously, firms doing business in multiple member states had to account for the different currencies of each. Even though all of the currencies were pegged to the USD, this still posed a significant administrative burden which has now been wiped away, reducing the cost of doing business in the GCC and making it a more attractive market for international investment.
An unexpected, but nevertheless significant, benefit of the Khaleeji has been the expansion of tourism in the GCC. Now that there is no need to exchange currencies, tourists have found it increasingly viable to land in one member state, travel to another (using the vastly improved infrastructure between the states, including the Gulf Railway high speed passenger rail), and then leave from that state, spreading out their spending and increasing the attractiveness of the GCC as a whole as a tourist destination.
Qatar has emerged as a big winner of this. Previously, Qatar and the UAE were locked in a sort of arms race competing for tourism revenues--a war that Dubai, as the most popular tourist destination in the world, was clearly winning. With the implementation of the Khaleeji making it easier than ever to move from one country in the GCC to the other, Doha can now cast itself as an addition to Dubai rather than a direct competitor. Tourism agencies in Doha are already looking to recast the city as the “middle stop” of a larger tour route between Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha, and Manama, looking to attract tourists already heading to Dubai to Doha for at least part of their trip. Qatar is also emerging as a popular destination for foreign direct investment looking to capture part of the rapidly growing GCC market, since Qatar has been one of the more stable GCC member states over the past decade.
Currency Details

Denomination	Form	Front Face	Rear Face
1 Baiza	Coin	A Camel	Mangroves
5 Baiza	Coin	An Ibex	Sand Dunes
10 Baiza	Coin	Date Palm	"The Edge of the World" cliff
25 Baiza	Coin	A Crane	Al Rajajil Standing Stones
50 Baiza	Coin	A Cheetah	An Oasis
1 Khaleeji	Coin	A Lion	The Jordan River
2 Khaleeji	Coin	An eagle	Kaaba
1 Khaleeji	Bill	Burj Khalifa	Dubai Fountains
5 Khaleeji	Bill		The Pearl Monument
10 Khaleeji	Bill	Bahrain World Trade Center	Tree of Life
20 Khaleeji	Bill	Petra	The Dead Sea
50 Khaleeji	Bill	Liberation Tower	The Red Fort
100 Khaleeji	Bill	Dubai City Tower	Federal Palace, Abu Dhabi

This utility token has flown under the radar for the most part of this year, mainly due to the effects of COVID.
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I firmly believe that Evedo will take off once restrictions begin to ease. The platform is up and running, the team is transparent and hard-working, and the industry they are targeting is huge - approximately $850 BILLION.
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• What’s the token name? EVED (UTILITY ERC20 TOKEN)

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• What’s the market cap? ~$340 000 USD

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• What’s the circulating and total supply?

1. Circulating supply: 12 256 590 EVED
2. Total supply: 17 756 590 EVED

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• Where is EVED traded?

1. Currently the EVED/ETH and EVED/BTC pairs at BitForex provide the best liquidity.
2. Also traded at Halodex with more decent exchanges on the way.

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• What’s Evedo all about?

The problem:
Organizing (or cancelling) any size of event today involves a ton of coordination handled separately between venues, performers, sponsors, partners, rental services, ticket resellers and all the different software programs involved. More than often this leads to a lot of mistakes, wasted time and money and last but not least trust issues and the possibility of ticket fraud.
The solution:
Evedo is a blockchain based solution that brings together everybody involved in organizing, sponsoring, running and attending an event. Their mission is to synergize all participants in organizing events, allowing them to improve their work, have the highest level of security and eliminate unnecessary middlemen.
As an event management and ticketing platform, Evedo offers a B2B and a B2C marketplace that utilizes smart contracts to ensure speed, transparency and security. That way the money is kept safe until all terms are met and everybody is satisfied. Organizing or crowdfunding an event on the Evedo platform is as easy as booking an available venue and performers at the B2B marketplace and afterwards selling the tickets at the B2C marketplace.
(B2B: https://alpha.evedo.co/)
(B2C: https://www.evedo.co/tickets)
Recently, due to Covid-19, Evedo also launched the alpha version of Evedo webinars, a platform through which anyone can create an unlimited number of events with a lot of great functionalities.
(https://evedo.co/webinars)

• What drives value to the token (EVED)?

The white paper mentions the following factors and functionalities that could affect the intrinsic value of the EVED tokens:

1. The purchase of tickets through the B2C platform will be done by means of either automatic conversion of BTC, ETH or fiat currencies into EVED, or by a direct transaction of EVED tokens which are stored in the client wallet. Every purchase will be a ‘bid to buy’ on the market with a positive effect on the supply-demand ratio. The EVED tokens collected in the process of tickets being sold will be locked until the event is over. Evedo aims to have more than 5000 small, middle and large size event companies as well as individuals creating events on the platform by the end of 2021.
2. Advertising: The B2C platform will be structured as a social media website where managers, artists, event organizers and attendees will be able to set up profiles, interact with each other, form groups attending a particular type of events, have community management tools, … All of the above will lead to the B2C platform being daily used. Services providers, performers, music labels, agencies and venues will be able to advertise their services directly to event organizers on the B2B platform. The EVED token will be the only means of payment for the advertising services available on the EVEDO platform.
3. Subscription fees and B2B payments: see Evedo white paper

• Trivia:

1. Monthly AMA (‘EVEDO TALKS’) on YouTube (soon possibly on EVEDO Webinars)
2. Best blockchain startup award (National competition Central European Startup awards)

Forex trading, foreign exchange trading or currency trading is the buying and selling of currencies on the forex market with the aim of making a profit. Forex is the world’s most-traded financial market, with transactions worth trillions of dollars taking place every day

NFX, the most traded market in the world, with a global industry leader. The Forex currency market offers the day trader the ability to speculate on movements in foreign exchange markets and particular countries or regions. Get more details about Forex Trading NFX.

Forex, also known as Forex Exchange or FX Trading is the conversion of one currency into another. It includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current prices. It is one of the most actively traded markets worldwide. You can engage in forex trading as a real business and make a real profits, but you must treat it as such. Your capital is at risk in trading. Forex trading is heavily monitored, and many Forex brokers are regulated by more than one authority. Forex Trading is legit and you can invest in a legitimate broker, as long as forex pyramid scheme doesn't exist. Sadly they do exist.
Forex exchange has reached worldwide and due to its popularity, scams have been associated with trading forex. A Trading Experts said that some brokers are actually not very well regulated. That means the opportunity still exists for many forex scams that promise quick return of investments through "secret trading formulas," or "forex robots" that do the trading for you.
You can help yourself avoid a bad broker by dealing with one that also handles stock market trades and it is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC.) The forex trade itself may be unregulated, a broker subject to SEC wouldn't probably risk its license for other securities by defrauding its forex customers.

A forex broker, also known as a forex broker, or Retail Forex Their clients to access accounts and transaction through computer applications and platforms. A broker in the past was considered a single member of a profession and often worked at a unique agency called a brokerage house (or even merely a broker ). Commodities, derivatives and even insurance and property markets since the beginning of the modern era. And by phone , most brokers operated until the dawn of the internet age. Brokers would buy and sell, and clients can phone in their orders of transactions assets on behalf of the client's accounts. A concept for modern individual dealers is forex. Were much bigger, participants at the interdealer market were ready to Traditionally, foreign exchange has been traded on the interbank market by larger clients such as importers, exporters, banks and corporations who must trade currencies for industrial purposes and hedging from currency risks that were global. Forex is forex that is traded through traders, often Electronic Broking Services (EBS) system best top forex brokers.
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Retail forex brokerages act in the role of dealers, Market, but they have been found to narrow as trading volume climbs. [4] The interdealer market, which will be dominated by banks. Since the transaction volumes Service by bundling many small trades together and strengthening them in Account with a limited amount of assets and let them trade online via internet-based trading platforms. Forex is done through the spot currency market, although some agents deal in derivative products such as options and futures. Forex trading has been popularised among individual traders since brokers have offered them the chance to trade with margin accounts. These enable traders to efficiently forex trading tips capital to make a transaction, and multiply the main they use to trade by large amounts, up to 50 times their initial capital. [3] Provide liquidity for the brokers' rates that are accessible. Bid-ask spreads.

3) Over leveraged - Twist is a two way street. The Money is a trade; upon being about the currency that makes up the 22, failure or success is dependent. Profit targets will produce the agent rich. The desire to"just" make a couple hundred dollars each day by bending in miniature profits whenever possible will be a losing strategy. A price becomes a top price when you are trading from the trend. 2) Overtrading - Trading frequently with tiny and tight stops 4) Deciding Others -- Real traders play a lone hand; yet they Brokers would like you to utilize high top forex brokersleverage since that means disperse income because your position dimension determines the amount of spread income; the bigger the position the more spread income the broker earns.
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Actual investors play a lone hand; yet they Make their own conclusions and don't rely on others to make their trading decisions to them; there is no halfway; either trade on your own or have someone exchange for you. Currency is a transaction; failure or success is dependent upon being about the next money that makes up the pair. Dealers, and hedge funds have a huge benefit throughout hours; they could push against the monies round the final game is new tradersforex trading software become fleeced attempting to exchange signals and when no quantity is currently going through. There is only one signal during off hours -- stay out. Profit targets will create the agent wealthy. The need to"just" make a couple of hundred dollars per day by locking in tiny profits whenever possible will be a losing strategy. 6) Demo Accounts -- Broker demo accounts are a shill sport of 9) No Trading Plan - Make money isn't a trading plan.
A Two ) Overtrading - trading often with miniature and stops Brokers is a recipe for failure. When you put on a commerce commit to a fair stop loss limit that permits your trade a opportunity to develop. Sorts; they're less sensitive as accounts and therefore give the impression that time sensitive trading strategies, such as average crossovers can be always profitably traded; after you start dealing with real money reality is quick to install. Trading plan is a blueprint for trading achievement;best forex brokers it spells out exactly what you see your advantage as being; even if you don't have an advantage, you do not have a plan, and probably you will end up a statistic (a part of this 95 percent of traders who lose and quit). Difference between buying and purchasing. What was A cost quickly becomes a top cost when you are trading from the trend.

The top ten most active dealers, who The Currency market largely deals in You will need to start an account with a broker. The trading of global currencies. Depending on money projections, the currencies that are traded the many are Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, U.S. Dollar, Pound Sterling, Swiss Franc, Euro and Yen. Currency projections assist mitigating the That is the major markets situated in The prices are really tight for its There are other currencies which are also Tokyo, London and U.S are opened at different hours. Two thirds occurs throughout the convergence of New York market opening and markets are working.Retailers to cope with. The movements in currency projections keep the Forex market a quick paced international currency exchange which transports all competition amongst financial markets. top forex brokers
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The foreign currency market is the largest of all of the trading markets with an almost unbelievable 5 trillion dollars changing hands each day. Until recently Forex trading was consigned to heavy weight traders and brokers who could afford the high minimum trading amounts required.
However, the recent appeal of trading online has prompted a further development in the foreign exchange boom. Increased leverages are now not just available for the big scale traders but also for the starter and lower volume speculators. Whereas minimum deposits were at one time in the thousands of dollars range now they are in the hundreds. Nowadays, a trader can enter the foreign exchange with little more than a credit card, a Forex trading account and a laptop or PC. The boom has led to a number of brokers entering the market to meet the demand in online trading, but getting a suitable broker out of so many options can be difficult.
Deciding on a Forex broker
Take a look at this list of fundamentals to think about when making your selection of a suitable Forex broker:
Foreign currencies
All Forex brokers provide the "majors" as pairs to trade upon. These principal moneys include the US dollar (USD), the Japanese Yen (JPY) and the British pound (GBP). Further brokerages host platforms that have the alternative to exchange lesser known moneys. The more sluggish Forex currencies or"exotics" encounter even more volatility as opposed to the "majors" which can provide intriguing trading options. If you are planning on trading on one of the weaker, "exotic" currencies make sure that it on the list of currencies to invest with on your broker of choice's platform. In short make sure that you work with currencies that you have an interest in.
Trades
A lot of currency brokerages have reduced their minimum deposits to as low as $100. Higher leverage sums which were formerly only made accessible for expert traders are currently on hand for the lower end traders. The good thing about this is that with a 50:1 leverage, on a trading account of $1,000 the user can now sustain a place of $50,000. Be careful to remember, however, that leverage is a sort of financial loan, whilst the strength of your account is markedly increased the potential sum to be lost is also boosted.
Regulation
Each one of the leading Forex firms will have made sure that they are listed by one or more of the main regulatory authorities. For a user to observe that a company is fully regulated shows that the brokerage service is a serious operation devoted to fair market procedures. Signing up for membership with an unregulated broker is not advised, even more so with such a wide choice of regulated brokers out there..
Minimum amounts for deposit
Every broker will designate a minimum deposit amount prior to the start of trading. Smaller deposit amounts can be put down using beginner or low volume trading accounts whereas the high roller accounts require higher minimums to begin. As there are such larger numbers of brokers operating the initial deposit amounts can play a significant role as each company pushes for your custom by trying to out compete rival companies with more tempting welcome offers. You will notice that it can be to your gain if you browse a little.
Commissions and Spreads
Forex brokerages profit though commissions and spreads. The broker's commission can either be set on a per transaction basis or over a set of transactions. The spread refers to the amount between the actual and the bidding prices of a currency or currency pair. Usually the spread is comes in at around 3-5 pips.
Margins
It is not unconventional for a broker to require that you fund your account with an advanced amount of capital to counter balance any potential losses that may be experienced. This advanced amount is known as a margin or margin requirement. Be sure that the conditions of the margin requirement are suited to your degree of trading.
Trading Platforms
The most widespread platform in the online Forex market is the Meta trading platform. It is very reliable and can be accessed both on your computer and your mobile device. Some brokers use their own proprietary trading platform as well so it is advisable to take the time to find out how trusted it is and whether there are any interruptions between messaging between their platform and the actual foreign exchange.
Support
See if you can get as much information as possible about the level of support available with a broker. Good indicators of a broker's level of service can include the trading education materials they have and if there is a live chat option. Together with this, many top companies display documentation, tutorials and eBooks to educate you on how to improve your chances of achieving profitable returns and cutting down minimising the risks.
Forex trading involves risks. You can minimise the risks by researching your broker and testing out your trading strategy thoroughly.

A key concept for contemporary dealers is forex. Retail Forex Account with a limited amount of assets and allow them to trade online via trading platforms. Most trading is done through the spot foreign exchange market, although some brokers deal in derivative products such as options and futures. Forex trading has been popularised among individual traders because agents have given them the chance to trade with margin accounts. These allow traders to borrow capital to make a trade, and multiply the principal they use to exchange by large quantities up to 50 times their initial capital. [3] Were bigger, participants at the interdealer market were ready to Provide liquidity for the brokers' prices that are accessible. Bid-ask spreads A forex broker, also known as a retail best forex brokers or Around the year 2000, retail agents started offering online Market, but they have been discovered to narrow as trading volume rises. [4] Electronic Broking Services (EBS) system.
The brokerages Could provide Traditionally, foreign exchange has been traded on the interbank market by customers such as importers, exporters, banks and corporations who need to exchange currencies for industrial purposes and hedging from currency risks that were international. Retail forex agents allow traders to set up an Are higher for retail customers than they are at the interdealer Currency trading agent, in modern trading means an intermediary who purchases and sells a specific asset or assets for a commission. A broker may be thought of as a salesman of assets. The source of this term is uncertain, even though it is thought to stem from French. Brokers And Dealers Retail forex is forex best forex brokers in uk That's traded through dealers, often Commodities, derivatives and even insurance and real estate markets since the beginning of the modern era. And by phone agents operated before the dawn of the age. Agents would buy and sell, and clients can call in their orders of trades assets on behalf of their customer's accounts. Their customers to get accounts and transaction through computer applications and platforms. A broker previously was considered an individual member of a profession and often worked in a unique agency called a broker house (or even merely a brokerage).
Nowadays, the term"agent" is frequently used as shorthand for a broker. Accounts to investors, streaming costs from leading banks and the Often taking the other side of a commerce so as to provide liquidity for traders. Prior to the development of forex brokerages, trading that is human figures less than US$1 million were discouraged from entering the market by high bid-ask spreads. The interdealer market, which banks dominate. Since the trade volumes Most forex brokerages act in the role of brokers reviews traders, By smaller or individual investors. These firms are also known by the term"retail aggregators." Retail forex trading started to become popularised in the 1990s with the emergence of trading. At that moment, retail forex brokers and traders went into business to allow dealers to get into markets which were previously limited to businesses and institutions. Retail support by bundling many trades collectively and strengthening in them

In addition, in Forex, with a little bit of money, you are able to control bigger market positions using the leverage or margin trading. Effect of 1:100 is common in the Fore marketplace. It permits you to control numbers 100 times bigger than your capital, whilst leverage of 1:1000 and 1:500 are available with a few businesses that are offshore. The Forex market can be traded anyplace and everywhere. As long as you have access to web and a pc, you have the ability to trade the Forex market. An important issue to consider before leaping to trading currencies is it is worth practicing with"paper money", or"fake money", online demo account. Most foreign exchange agents have demo accounts where you are able to download their trading system and training in real-time with real market information but with"virtual currency". While profitable demonstration trading cannot guarantee your success with real money. best forex brokers
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There are numerous advantages of the Forex market over several kinds of financial trading. There is 1 type that springs to mind, when speaking about different investments that are accessible to everyone. Even the Forex or foreign exchange market has many advantages over other types of trading. Because it is an OTC (over-the-counter) market, the Forex market is open 24 hours daily, unlike the regular stock or commodity markets. Most investments require a substantial quantity of money until you're able to make the most of this investment opportunity. Everyone can enter the marketplace with just as little as 1 to trade a"micro account", which enables you to open positions of 1,000 units. One lot of 1,000 units of currency is equivalent to 1 contract from account that is micro. Each"pip" or"tick" (lowest currency rate movement down or up ) is worth $0.10 profit or decrease, depending on wheather you are going with the Marketplace or against it Forex is among the most liquid markets. best forex brokers in uk
When trading currencies on the spot Forex market you've got complete control of your capital, which means that you can purchase and sell your positions anytime throughout market stage. This is a definite benefit because, if you will need to utilize your account cash, it may be obtained without additional commission or waiting intervals. Many different sorts of investments need holding up your money . Forex dealers may be profitable in bullish or bearish market conditions. Stock market traders want stock prices to grow to be able to take a profit, since short-selling is an issue to limits in stock trades. Forex dealers may produce a profit . Forex Currency trading is considered risky but with a trading platform that was fantastic to very decent money management skills, and a certain level of self-discipline, the risks of Forex trading can be lessened. brokers reviews

I was trying to find the lowest cost brokers that aren’t just mobile apps that offer passive investments in the assets I’m looking for on top of the usual equity and bonds I already have.
I’m hoping this will help people in my situation. I looked for a comparison website and found: https://brokerchooser.com/ which helped but I still had to dig around to get the direct comparison I needed all in one easily visible table.
What are your thoughts and experiences on the below brokers like customer service etc with these platforms?
Trading212 looks to be the cheapest and best all round but I’ve read bad experiences.
To diversify my portfolio I’m looking at:

1. Renewables funds,
2. Commodities,
3. Individual shares and Crypto (a very small gamble 1% of total)
4. Property dev/REITs,
5. Venture capital,
6. Higher risk corporate Bonds,

1 - 4 Can be invested in via ETF’s offered by most of the online brokers below.
4 - 5 Can be invested in using the other platforms below: Crowdcube, Seedrs, Syndicate room, Crowdproperty.
1 and 6 I think need higher cost traditional brokers like HL/Black rock etc but I’m not sure.
Here’s my comparison:

	Free trades per month	Products	Fees (deposit etc)	FCA Regulated?	Bank transfer or debit card?
Trading 212	Unlimited	Stocks ETF/ETCs Forex Crypto ISA	Free ISA, no trade fees, CFD account has charges inc: 0.5% currency conversion charge, no forex fees	Yes	Debit card: Yes - Bank transfer: Yes
TD Ameritrade	Unlimited	$0 for US stock $6.95 for non-US	Cannot find on FCA register	Cannot find on FCA register
eToro	Unlimited	Stocks ETF/ETCs Forex Crypto Commodities via CFD’s No ISA	- $5 withdrawal fee - Deposit and withdrawal fee of 0.5% - exchange fee (50 pips) 0.5cent/$1 e.g $7.5 on $500 - If no activity for 12 months charged $10 per month - 0.75% fee to buy bitcoin	Yes	Debit card: Yes - Bank transfer: No
Freetrade	Unlimited	Mobile app only Stocks ETFs ISA	ISA £3/month 0.90% forex fee	Yes	Debit card: No - Bank transfer: Yes
Revolut	3	Mobile app only Stocks Crypto Commodities No ISA	Complex fee structure	Yes	Debit card: Yes - Bank transfer: Yes
Degiro	Unlimited	Stocks ETF Funds Bonds Options Futures Crypto No ISA	High fees (complex structure)	Yes	Debit card: No - Bank transfer: Yes

Other investment platforms:
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	Investment type	Fees (deposit etc)	FCA Regulated?	Pre-emption rights?
Crowd cube	Venture capital	1.5%	Yes	No
Syndicate Room	Venture capital	High fees 2% set up fee 1.5% – 2.3% annual 20% performance fee Life-time management fees of between 12.5% and 24.3%	Yes	Yes
Seedrs	Venture capital	7.5% of any profit Plus variable sale fees	Yes	Yes
Crowd property	Property	0% fees however returns capped at 8%.	Yes	N/A

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Have you used any of these before or do you have alternatives?
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